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Medical mineralogy and geochemistry constitute an important field, yet little attention has been paid to it by scientists, administrators, or the public. The aims of this book are: (a) to focus on a selection of current challenges and research opportunities and (b) to encourage knowledge transfer between geochemists and mineralogists whose work concerns medical problems and medical scientists who study problems surrounding biominerals and geomaterials. This book covers a variety of novel approaches, tools and techniques, and scenarios of contamination in water and wastewater, and is a key resource for policymakers and environmental scientists working hard to address environmental pollutants. The key features are: state-of-the-art techniques for the assessment and remediation of heavy metals, presenting the interdisciplinary impacts of heavy metals, including those on human health, ecosystems and water quality, and including various contamination indices, such as contamination factor, geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, pollution index and ecological risk index.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- phosphorus --- adsorption --- steel slag --- fly ash --- activated clay --- reactor --- Ramganga River --- turbidity --- Landsat 8 SR --- water quality --- Ganges River --- fluoride --- groundwater --- Sustainable Development Goal 6 --- rural community water supply --- weathered basement aquifer --- hydrogeology --- policy change --- risk --- heavy metal --- human health --- pollution indices --- soil --- plant diseases --- nanoparticles --- diseases --- biotic stress --- management --- silver nanoparticles --- zinc nanoparticles --- calcium carbonate nanoparticles --- calcium oxide nanoparticles --- incense sticks ash --- sludge --- eggshell --- terrestrial environment --- radiocesium --- cesium-137 --- radioactive contamination --- cancer risk --- radionuclide --- nuclear accident --- nominal risk --- decision making

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Increases in population, booming economy, rapid urbanization and the rise of living standard have exponentially accelerated waste production. Currently, 2 billion tons per year of municipal solid waste is produced worldwide and about 33% of this amount remains uncollected by different municipalities.. However, the entire waste production process concerns different streams and origins other than municipal solid waste, including industrial, agricultural, construction and demolitions waste; and hazardous, medical and electronic waste. Published papers, as a whole, concern different waste materials such as the recovery of different building materials, the treatment of waste deriving from electrical and electronic equipment, the utilization of stainless-steel slags, agricultural and domestic waste and plastics. In conclusion, the works demonstrate scientific and technological relevance in terms of the topics dealt with, but the problems addressed in this Special Issue proceed beyond the solution that the scientific community is able to propose. In fact, our industrial system, at the end of its cycle of production and consumption, has not developed the capacity to absorb and reuse waste and byproducts. We have not yet managed to adopt a circular model of production capable of preserving resources for present and future generations.

Technology: general issues --- pyrolysis --- biochars --- agricultural waste --- biomass --- recycled aggregates --- self-compacting concrete --- design parameters --- fresh concrete properties --- mix design --- printed circuit boards --- spent mobile phones --- thiourea --- precious metals --- hydrometallurgy --- factorial plans --- plastic waste --- carbon nanotubes --- plastic oil --- fuels --- monomer recovery --- olefins --- reusing of wastes --- secondary lime --- neutralization --- reduce landfill --- acidic wastewater treatment --- sustainable production --- recycling --- lathe waste --- CNC machining --- sustainable development --- mix modification --- workability --- mechanical properties --- thermal properties --- bottom ash --- dry treatment --- incineration --- municipal solid waste --- potential toxic elements --- salts --- sound absorber --- cigarette butts --- sustainable material --- chemical cleaning --- stainless steel slag --- upscale trials --- mixing time --- absorption --- circular economy --- oil spill --- refrigerator --- WEEE --- waste --- value-added materials --- calcium oxide --- eggshell --- incense sticks --- adsorption --- wastewater --- n/a