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Dear Readers, Oncolytic Viruses (OV) are self-propagating agents that can selectively induce the lysis of cancer cells while sparing normal tissues. OV-mediated cancer cell death is often immunogenic and triggers robust anticancer immune responses and immunoconversion of tumor microenvironments. This makes oncolytic virotherapy a promising new form of immunotherapy and OVs ideal candidates for combination therapy with other anticancer agents, including other immunotherapeutics. There are more than 40 OVs from nine different families in clinical development and many more at the preclinical stage. Each OV has its own unique characteristics, its pros and cons. Although herpes simplex virus is currently the lead clinical agent, a real champion among the OVs has not yet emerged, justifying the continuous development and optimization of these agents. This book, “Oncolytic Virus Immunotherapy”, summarizes the state-of-the-art and gives a comprehensive overview of the OV arena with a particular focus on new trends, directions, challenges, and opportunities.

Medicine --- Clinical & internal medicine --- oncolytic viruses --- melanoma --- immunotherapy --- checkpoint inhibitors --- combinatory therapy --- reovirus --- oncolytic virus --- adenovirus --- oncolytic --- virotherapy --- targeting --- immunogenic cell death --- αvβ6 integrin --- oncolytic adenovirus --- cancer immunotherapy --- multi-stage --- immunostimulatory --- arming --- HSV-1 --- clinical trials --- newcastle disease virus --- NDV --- cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- CTLA-4 --- type I interferon --- herpes simplex virus --- retargeted virus --- tropism retargeting --- tumor --- checkpoint inhibitor --- vaccination --- antigen-agnostic vaccination --- HER2 --- parvovirus --- tumor microenvironment --- combination therapy --- glioblastoma --- pancreatic cancer --- colorectal cancer --- measles virus --- vector engineering --- immune checkpoint blockade --- antitumor immune response --- delivery --- genetic modification --- biomarkers --- personalized oncolyticvirotherapy --- class I HLA --- immunosurveillance --- immunoediting --- oncogenic signaling --- RAS --- DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) --- viral mimicry --- epigenetic silencing --- adoptive T cell therapy --- CAR T cell --- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- vesicular stomatitis virus --- small molecule --- cancer immune therapy --- cancer therapy --- oncolytic viruses --- melanoma --- immunotherapy --- checkpoint inhibitors --- combinatory therapy --- reovirus --- oncolytic virus --- adenovirus --- oncolytic --- virotherapy --- targeting --- immunogenic cell death --- αvβ6 integrin --- oncolytic adenovirus --- cancer immunotherapy --- multi-stage --- immunostimulatory --- arming --- HSV-1 --- clinical trials --- newcastle disease virus --- NDV --- cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- CTLA-4 --- type I interferon --- herpes simplex virus --- retargeted virus --- tropism retargeting --- tumor --- checkpoint inhibitor --- vaccination --- antigen-agnostic vaccination --- HER2 --- parvovirus --- tumor microenvironment --- combination therapy --- glioblastoma --- pancreatic cancer --- colorectal cancer --- measles virus --- vector engineering --- immune checkpoint blockade --- antitumor immune response --- delivery --- genetic modification --- biomarkers --- personalized oncolyticvirotherapy --- class I HLA --- immunosurveillance --- immunoediting --- oncogenic signaling --- RAS --- DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) --- viral mimicry --- epigenetic silencing --- adoptive T cell therapy --- CAR T cell --- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- vesicular stomatitis virus --- small molecule --- cancer immune therapy --- cancer therapy

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Nanomedicine is among the most promising emerging fields that can provide innovative and radical solutions to unmet needs in pharmaceutical formulation development. Encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients within nano-size carriers offers several benefits, namely, protection of the therapeutic agents from degradation, their increased solubility and bioavailability, improved pharmacokinetics, reduced toxicity, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, decreased drug immunogenicity, targeted delivery, and simultaneous imaging and treatment options with a single system.Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is one of the most commonly used polymers in nanomedicine formulations due to its excellent biocompatibility, tunable degradation characteristics, and high versatility. Furthermore, PLGA is approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in pharmaceutical products. Nanomedicines based on PLGA nanoparticles can offer tremendous opportunities in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of various diseases.This Special Issue aims to focus on the bench-to-bedside development of PLGA nanoparticles including (but not limited to) design, development, physicochemical characterization, scale-up production, efficacy and safety assessment, and biodistribution studies of these nanomedicine formulations.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Materials science --- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) --- blood–brain barrier (BBB) --- current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) --- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) --- nanotechnology --- PLGA nanoparticles --- neurodegenerative diseases --- drug delivery --- central nervous system --- neuroprotective drugs --- fluorescent labeling --- DiI --- coumarin 6 --- rhodamine 123 --- Cy5.5 --- quantum yield --- brightness --- stability of fluorescent label --- confocal microscopy --- intracellular internalization --- in vivo neuroimaging --- double-emulsion method --- dry powder inhalation --- antigen release --- porous PLGA particles --- microfluidics --- methotrexate --- chitosan --- PLA/PLGA --- sustained release --- micro-implant --- animal model --- minimally invasive --- drug delivery system --- nanoparticles --- poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) --- microfluidic --- pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution --- atorvastatin calcium --- poly(lactide-co-glycolide) --- polymeric nanoparticles --- carrageenan induced inflammation --- anti-inflammatory --- radiolabeled nanoparticles --- nuclear medicine --- photothermal therapy --- phthalocyanine --- SKOVip-kat --- Katushka --- TurboFP635 --- JO-4 --- PLGA --- orthotopic tumors --- 3D culture --- spheroids --- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) --- nanomedicine --- scale-up manufacturing --- clinical translation --- inline sonication --- tangential flow filtration --- lyophilization --- downstream processing --- H. pylori --- design of experiments --- poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid --- size --- cancer --- chemoimmunotherapy --- immunogenic cell death --- immune checkpoint blockade --- PNA5 glycopeptide --- mas receptor --- angiotensin --- PLGA diblock copolymer --- ester and acid-end capped --- double emulsion solvent evaporation --- biocompatible --- biodegradable --- cardiovascular --- nanoparticle --- solid-state characterization --- in vitro --- drug release kinetics modeling --- PEGylation --- amine --- emulsion --- polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) --- Pluronic triblock copolymer --- trehalose --- sucrose --- Indomethacin --- solvents --- stabilizers --- morphology --- particle-size --- encapsulation --- drug release --- cytotoxicity --- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) --- blood–brain barrier (BBB) --- current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) --- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) --- nanotechnology --- PLGA nanoparticles --- neurodegenerative diseases --- drug delivery --- central nervous system --- neuroprotective drugs --- fluorescent labeling --- DiI --- coumarin 6 --- rhodamine 123 --- Cy5.5 --- quantum yield --- brightness --- stability of fluorescent label --- confocal microscopy --- intracellular internalization --- in vivo neuroimaging --- double-emulsion method --- dry powder inhalation --- antigen release --- porous PLGA particles --- microfluidics --- methotrexate --- chitosan --- PLA/PLGA --- sustained release --- micro-implant --- animal model --- minimally invasive --- drug delivery system --- nanoparticles --- poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) --- microfluidic --- pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution --- atorvastatin calcium --- poly(lactide-co-glycolide) --- polymeric nanoparticles --- carrageenan induced inflammation --- anti-inflammatory --- radiolabeled nanoparticles --- nuclear medicine --- photothermal therapy --- phthalocyanine --- SKOVip-kat --- Katushka --- TurboFP635 --- JO-4 --- PLGA --- orthotopic tumors --- 3D culture --- spheroids --- poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) --- nanomedicine --- scale-up manufacturing --- clinical translation --- inline sonication --- tangential flow filtration --- lyophilization --- downstream processing --- H. pylori --- design of experiments --- poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid --- size --- cancer --- chemoimmunotherapy --- immunogenic cell death --- immune checkpoint blockade --- PNA5 glycopeptide --- mas receptor --- angiotensin --- PLGA diblock copolymer --- ester and acid-end capped --- double emulsion solvent evaporation --- biocompatible --- biodegradable --- cardiovascular --- nanoparticle --- solid-state characterization --- in vitro --- drug release kinetics modeling --- PEGylation --- amine --- emulsion --- polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) --- Pluronic triblock copolymer --- trehalose --- sucrose --- Indomethacin --- solvents --- stabilizers --- morphology --- particle-size --- encapsulation --- drug release --- cytotoxicity

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The past decade has seen immunotherapy rise to the forefront of cancer treatment. This Special Issue of Cancers aims to elaborate on the latest developments, cutting-edge technologies, and prospects in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Seventeen exceptional studies, including original contributions and review articles, written by international scientists and physicians, primarily concerning the fields of tumor biology, cancer immunology, therapeutics, and drug development, comprise the main body of this Special Issue.

Medicine --- NKG2D --- CAR T --- IL-7 --- prostate cancer --- cell therapy --- CD19-CAR-T --- B cell aplasia --- KIR --- PD-1 --- inhibitory CAR --- tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes --- tumor microenvironment --- immunotherapy --- NK cells --- cancer stem cells (CSCs) --- antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) --- differentiation --- cytotoxicity --- IFN-γ --- osteoclasts --- MICA/B mAb --- DNA methylation --- RNA methylation --- S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) --- cancer --- innate immunity --- adaptive immunity --- T cells --- m6A --- PD-L1 --- resistance --- immune checkpoints --- cancer vaccine --- combination immunotherapy --- TCR diversity --- organ transplantation --- carcinoma --- epidemiologic studies --- immunosuppression --- CTLA-4 --- Treg cells --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- CD28 --- antigen-presenting cells --- IL15 --- colon cancer --- melanoma --- uveal --- BAP1 --- anti-PD-1 --- anti-CTLA-4 --- TIL --- classical and endemic Kaposi Sarcoma --- systemic treatment --- multi-state modelling --- treatment free interval --- chemotherapy --- interferon --- triple negative breast cancer --- immunomodulation --- bispecific antibody --- sortase A --- chemo-enzymatic approach --- anti-CD20 antibody --- Fab --- BiFab --- colorectal cancer --- dendritic cells --- Atypical Chemokine Receptor 4 (ACKR4) --- T-cell priming --- immune checkpoint blockade --- primary liver cancer --- kynurenine pathway --- immune evasion --- indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 --- tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase 2 --- IDO inhibitor --- antigen presenting cells --- n/a

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The past decade has seen immunotherapy rise to the forefront of cancer treatment. This Special Issue of Cancers aims to elaborate on the latest developments, cutting-edge technologies, and prospects in cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Seventeen exceptional studies, including original contributions and review articles, written by international scientists and physicians, primarily concerning the fields of tumor biology, cancer immunology, therapeutics, and drug development, comprise the main body of this Special Issue.

NKG2D --- CAR T --- IL-7 --- prostate cancer --- cell therapy --- CD19-CAR-T --- B cell aplasia --- KIR --- PD-1 --- inhibitory CAR --- tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes --- tumor microenvironment --- immunotherapy --- NK cells --- cancer stem cells (CSCs) --- antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) --- differentiation --- cytotoxicity --- IFN-γ --- osteoclasts --- MICA/B mAb --- DNA methylation --- RNA methylation --- S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) --- cancer --- innate immunity --- adaptive immunity --- T cells --- m6A --- PD-L1 --- resistance --- immune checkpoints --- cancer vaccine --- combination immunotherapy --- TCR diversity --- organ transplantation --- carcinoma --- epidemiologic studies --- immunosuppression --- CTLA-4 --- Treg cells --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- CD28 --- antigen-presenting cells --- IL15 --- colon cancer --- melanoma --- uveal --- BAP1 --- anti-PD-1 --- anti-CTLA-4 --- TIL --- classical and endemic Kaposi Sarcoma --- systemic treatment --- multi-state modelling --- treatment free interval --- chemotherapy --- interferon --- triple negative breast cancer --- immunomodulation --- bispecific antibody --- sortase A --- chemo-enzymatic approach --- anti-CD20 antibody --- Fab --- BiFab --- colorectal cancer --- dendritic cells --- Atypical Chemokine Receptor 4 (ACKR4) --- T-cell priming --- immune checkpoint blockade --- primary liver cancer --- kynurenine pathway --- immune evasion --- indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 --- tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase 2 --- IDO inhibitor --- antigen presenting cells --- n/a