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This interdisciplinary volume brings together new research that broadens our understanding of the multiplicity of voices in the histories of mental ill-health. In the chapters that follow, we hear from people who have experienced mental health difficulties and were on the receiving end of regimens and treatments. Alongside medical notes, we find records of decisions made by a range of people with financial and political agendas. Correspondence with families reminds us that people deemed to be mentally ill were not ciphers; they had their histories, their people, preferences, hopes and losses. The contributions utilise a range of archival materials, oral history, personal testimony, history of art, and literary methodologies and provide novel insights into the voices of individuals, institutions, and communities in an international context.Key overlapping themes divide the volume into four parts: Shifting Perspectives in the Industry of Madness; Reconstructing Patient Perspectives; The Visual and the Material; and Mad Studies and Activism

History of human medicine --- Psychiatry --- World history --- History --- psychiatrie --- geneeskunde --- geschiedenis --- sociale geschiedenis --- Mental health --- Mental illness --- History. --- lived experience; interdisciplinary; voice; madness; activism; historiography; mental ill health

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March 2000 - To redress ethnic inequality in Vietnam, it is not enough to target poor areas. Policies must be designed to reach minority households in poor areas, to open up options by ensuring that minority groups are not disadvantaged (in labor markets, for example), to change the conditions that have caused their isolation and social exclusion, and to explicitly recognize behavior patterns (including compensating behavior) that have served the minorities well but intensify ethnic inequalities in the longer term. Vietnam's ethnic minorities, who tend to live mostly in remote rural areas, typically have lower living standards than the ethnic majority. How much is this because of differences in economic characteristics (such as education levels and land) rather than low returns to characteristics? Is there a self-reinforcing culture of poverty in the minority groups, reflecting patterns of past discrimination? Van de Walle and Gunewardena find that differences in levels of living are due in part to the fact that the minorities live in less productive areas characterized by difficult terrain, poor infrastructure, less access to off-farm work and the market economy, and inferior access to education. Geographic disparities tend to persist because of immobility and regional differences in living standards. But the authors also find large differences within geographical areas even after controlling for household characteristics. They find differences in returns to productive characteristics to be the most important explanation for ethnic inequality. But the minorities do not obtain lower returns to all characteristics. There is evidence of compensating behavior. For example, pure returns to location - even in remote, inhospitable areas - tend to be higher for minorities, though not high enough to overcome the large consumption difference with the majority. The majority ethnic group's model of income generation is a poor guide on how to fight poverty among ethnic minority groups. Nor is it enough to target poor areas to redress ethnic inequality. Policies must be designed to reach minority households in poor areas and to explicitly recognize behavior patterns (including compensating behavior) that have served the minorities well in the short term but intensify ethnic inequalities in the longer term. It will be important to open up options for minority groups both by ensuring that they are not disadvantaged (in labor markets, for example), and by changing the conditions that have caused their isolation and social exclusion. This paper - a product of Public Economics and Rural Development, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the determinants of poverty and the policy implications. Dominique van de Walle may be contacted at dvandewalle@worldbank.org.

Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems --- Agriculture --- Basic Infrastructure --- Cash Crops --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Debt Markets --- Development Policies --- Disability --- Discrimination --- Ethnic Groups --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Health Care --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Housing and Human Habitats --- Ill-Health --- Income Inequality --- Indigenous Practices --- Knowledge --- Land Tenure --- Large Population --- Living Standards --- Minority --- Policies --- Policy --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Public Services --- Rural Areas --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor --- Urban Development --- Urban Housing

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This work explores the medical world of the poor and the Old Poor Law in the period 1750-1834.

Poor --- Disadvantaged, Economically --- Economically disadvantaged --- Impoverished people --- Low-income people --- Pauperism --- Poor, The --- Poor people --- Persons --- Social classes --- Poverty --- Medical care --- History --- Economic conditions --- England --- Social conditions --- Medical care&delete& --- History&delete& --- Health Services --- Social Welfare --- Social Conditions --- History, 18th Century. --- History, 19th Century. --- history. --- England. --- 19th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 19th Cent. History of Medicine --- 19th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 19th Century --- History of Medicine, 19th Cent. --- History, Nineteenth Century --- Medical History, 19th Cent. --- Medicine, 19th Cent. --- 19th Century History --- 19th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 19th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 19th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 19th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 19th --- Century Histories, Nineteenth --- Century History, 19th --- Century History, Nineteenth --- Histories, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 19th Century --- Histories, Nineteenth Century --- History, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Nineteenth Century Histories --- Nineteenth Century History --- 18th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 18th Cent. History of Medicine --- 18th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 18th Century --- History of Medicine, 18th Cent. --- History, Eighteenth Century --- Medical History, 18th Cent. --- Medicine, 18th Cent. --- 18th Century History --- 18th Century Histories --- Cent. History, 18th (Medicine) --- Cent. Medicine, 18th --- Century Histories, 18th --- Century Histories, Eighteenth --- Century History, 18th --- Century History, Eighteenth --- Eighteenth Century Histories --- Eighteenth Century History --- Histories, 18th Century --- Histories, Eighteenth Century --- History, 18th Cent. (Medicine) --- Humanities. --- History. --- Social and cultural history. --- MEDICAL / History. --- No poverty. --- ill-health. --- medical welfare. --- paternalism. --- poor law.