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Iconography --- Environmental planning --- History of civilization --- urban history --- cities --- idealization --- Renaissance --- anno 1300-1399 --- anno 1400-1499 --- Florence

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Until now the advent of Western romantic love has been seen as a liberation from-or antidote to-ten centuries of misogyny. In this major contribution to gender studies, R. Howard Bloch demonstrates how similar the ubiquitous antifeminism of medieval times and the romantic idealization of woman actually are. Through analyses of a broad range of patristic and medieval texts, Bloch explores the Christian construction of gender in which the flesh is feminized, the feminine is aestheticized, and aesthetics are condemned in theological terms. Tracing the underlying theme of virginity from the Church Fathers to the courtly poets, Bloch establishes the continuity between early Christian antifeminism and the idealization of woman that emerged in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In conclusion he explains the likely social, economic, and legal causes for the seeming inversion of the terms of misogyny into those of an idealizing tradition of love that exists alongside its earlier avatar until the current era. This startling study will be of great value to students of medieval literature as well as to historians of culture and gender.

Love --- Misogyny --- Patriarchy --- Social history --- Women --- Androcracy --- Patriarchal families --- Fathers --- Families --- Male domination (Social structure) --- Patrilineal kinship --- Women-hating --- Misanthropy --- Sexual animosity --- History. --- History --- #GROL:MEDO-396'04/14' --- History of civilization --- anno 500-1499 --- Europe --- Femmes --- Histoire sociale --- Misogynie --- Patriarcat (Sociologie) --- Amour --- Histoire --- Middle Ages, 500-1500 --- romantic love, romance, misogyny, medieval, gender studies, feminism, women, idealization, purity, liberation, aesthetics, theology, virginity, feminine flesh, courtly, chivalry, church fathers, poets, middle ages, social history, nonfiction, literary theory, molestiae nuptiarum, yahwist creation, heiress, dowager, possessions, finance, economics, money, perfection, power, french lay, male indiscretion, infidelity, sexuality, monogamy.

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In archaic and classical Greece, statues played a constant role in people's religious, political, economic, aesthetic, and mental lives. Evidence of many kinds demonstrates that ancient Greeks thought about--and interacted with--statues in ways very different from our own. This book recovers ancient thinking about statues by approaching them through contemporary literary sources. It not only shows that ancient viewers conceived of images as more operative than aesthetic, but additionally reveals how poets and philosophers found in sculpture a practice ''good to think with.'' Deborah Tarn Steiner considers how Greek authors used images to ponder the relation of a copy to an original and of external appearance to inner reality. For these writers, a sculpture could straddle life and death, encode desire, or occasion reflection on their own act of producing a text. Many of the same sources also reveal how thinking about statues was reflected in the objects' everyday treatment. Viewing representations of gods and heroes as vessels hosting a living force, worshippers ritually washed, clothed, and fed them in order to elicit the numinous presence within. By reading the plastic and verbal sources together, this book offers new insights into classical texts while illuminating the practices surrounding the design, manufacture, and deployment of ancient images. Its argument that images are properly objects of cultural and social--rather than purely aesthetic--study will attract art historians, cultural historians, and anthropologists, as well as classicists.

Statues in literature --- Statues dans la littérature --- Art et littérature --- Sculpture in literature. --- Sculpture, Greek, in literature. --- Statues in literature. --- Statues dans la littérature --- Art and literature --- Greek literature --- Statues --- History and criticism. --- Sculpture in literature --- Aesthetics, Ancient. --- Sculpture, Greek. --- Littérature grecque --- Art et littérature --- Sculpture dans la littérature --- Esthétique ancienne --- Sculpture grecque --- Histoire et critique --- Statuary --- Monuments --- Sculpture --- Literature and art --- Literature and painting --- Literature and sculpture --- Painting and literature --- Sculpture and literature --- Aesthetics --- Literature --- Achilles. --- Admetus. --- Alcibiades. --- Daidalos. --- Dionysus. --- Gorgias. --- Gorgon. --- Harmodios and Aristogeiton. --- Helen. --- Hephaistos. --- Hermes. --- Kronos. --- Leagros. --- Lucian. --- Lykosura. --- Menelaus. --- Nike. --- Niobe. --- Odysseus. --- Pandora. --- Pelops. --- Pindar. --- Socrates. --- athletic images. --- base, of statue. --- blindness. --- chariot race. --- charis. --- civic life. --- cult images. --- daidalon. --- eikones. --- eros. --- facture. --- festivals. --- funerary monuments. --- homosocial relations. --- idealization. --- immobility. --- ivory. --- korai. --- mirror image. --- mobility. --- realism. --- summetria. --- Standbeelden. --- Plastische kunst. --- Interactie. --- Griekse oudheid. --- Bellettrie. --- Beeldvorming.

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Nose reconstructions have been common in India for centuries. South Korea, Brazil, and Israel have become international centers for procedures ranging from eyelid restructuring to buttock lifts and tummy tucks. Argentina has the highest rate of silicone implants in the world. Around the globe, aesthetic surgery has become a cultural and medical fixture. Sander Gilman seeks to explain why by presenting the first systematic world history and cultural theory of aesthetic surgery. Touching on subjects as diverse as getting a "nose job" as a sweet-sixteen birthday present and the removal of male breasts in seventh-century Alexandria, Gilman argues that aesthetic surgery has such universal appeal because it helps people to "pass," to be seen as a member of a group with which they want to or need to identify. Gilman begins by addressing basic questions about the history of aesthetic surgery. What surgical procedures have been performed? Which are considered aesthetic and why? Who are the patients? What is the place of aesthetic surgery in modern culture? He then turns his attention to that focus of countless human anxieties: the nose. Gilman discusses how people have reshaped their noses to repair the ravages of war and disease (principally syphilis), to match prevailing ideas of beauty, and to avoid association with negative images of the "Jew," the "Irish," the "Oriental," or the "Black." He examines how we have used aesthetic surgery on almost every conceivable part of the body to try to pass as younger, stronger, thinner, and more erotic. Gilman also explores some of the extremes of surgery as personal transformation, discussing transgender surgery, adult circumcision and foreskin restoration, the enhancement of dueling scars, and even a performance artist who had herself altered to resemble the Mona Lisa. The book draws on an extraordinary range of sources. Gilman is as comfortable discussing Nietzsche, Yeats, and Darwin as he is grisly medical details, Michael Jackson, and Barbra Streisand's decision to keep her own nose. The book contains dozens of arresting images of people before, during, and after surgery. This is a profound, provocative, and engaging study of how humans have sought to change their lives by transforming their bodies.

Body image --- Surgery, Plastic --- Social aspects. --- Complications. --- Complications and sequelae --- Admiration. --- Aesthetics. --- African Americans. --- Analogy. --- Anecdote. --- Anesthesia. --- Antiseptic. --- Attractiveness. --- Ayurveda. --- Beauty. --- Body image. --- Bra size. --- Brachioplasty. --- Breast. --- Buttock augmentation. --- Buttocks. --- Caricature. --- Cartilage. --- Centrality. --- Cheek. --- Chin augmentation. --- Cleanliness. --- Clothespin. --- Clothing. --- Cosmetics. --- Credential. --- Credentialing. --- Cultural capital. --- Culture of India. --- Direct experience. --- Disease. --- Earlobe. --- Efficacy. --- Eloquence. --- Enthusiasm. --- Evocation. --- Excess skin. --- Face powder. --- Face. --- Family income. --- Female. --- Foreskin restoration. --- Foreskin. --- Granulation tissue. --- Greatness. --- Hair transplantation. --- Hairstyle. --- Health professional. --- High Art. --- High Renaissance. --- Human nose. --- Human physical appearance. --- Human skin color. --- Human spirit. --- Human tooth. --- Humanism. --- Humorism. --- Humour. --- Hygiene. --- I Wish (manhwa). --- Idealization. --- Invention. --- Keloid. --- Kiss. --- Lighting. --- Local anesthesia. --- Lorenz Oken. --- Middle class. --- Modernity. --- Moral imperative. --- Narrative. --- Parody. --- Peaceful coexistence. --- Penis. --- Physical attractiveness. --- Physician. --- Plastic surgery. --- Popularity. --- Positive liberty. --- Projective identification. --- Real Body. --- Recreation. --- Scalp. --- Scholasticism. --- Self-consciousness. --- Sensibility. --- Seriousness. --- Sincerity. --- Social order. --- Social reality. --- Social status. --- Sophistication. --- Superficiality. --- Swaddling. --- Syphilis. --- The Human Face. --- The Mask. --- Theory of justification. --- Thigh. --- Understanding.

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Using only the very elementary framework of finite probability spaces, this book treats a number of topics in the modern theory of stochastic processes. This is made possible by using a small amount of Abraham Robinson's nonstandard analysis and not attempting to convert the results into conventional form.

Martingales (Mathematics) --- Stochastic processes. --- Probabilities. --- Martingales (Mathematics). --- Stochastic processes --- Probability --- Statistical inference --- Combinations --- Mathematics --- Chance --- Least squares --- Mathematical statistics --- Risk --- Random processes --- Probabilities --- Abraham Robinson. --- Absolute value. --- Addition. --- Algebra of random variables. --- Almost surely. --- Axiom. --- Axiomatic system. --- Borel set. --- Bounded function. --- Cantor's diagonal argument. --- Cardinality. --- Cartesian product. --- Central limit theorem. --- Chebyshev's inequality. --- Compact space. --- Contradiction. --- Convergence of random variables. --- Corollary. --- Correlation coefficient. --- Counterexample. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dimension. --- Division by zero. --- Elementary function. --- Estimation. --- Existential quantification. --- Family of sets. --- Finite set. --- Hyperplane. --- Idealization. --- Independence (probability theory). --- Indicator function. --- Infinitesimal. --- Internal set theory. --- Joint probability distribution. --- Law of large numbers. --- Linear function. --- Martingale (probability theory). --- Mathematical induction. --- Mathematician. --- Mathematics. --- Measure (mathematics). --- N0. --- Natural number. --- Non-standard analysis. --- Norm (mathematics). --- Orthogonal complement. --- Parameter. --- Path space. --- Predictable process. --- Probability distribution. --- Probability measure. --- Probability space. --- Probability theory. --- Probability. --- Product topology. --- Projection (linear algebra). --- Quadratic variation. --- Random variable. --- Real number. --- Requirement. --- Scientific notation. --- Sequence. --- Set (mathematics). --- Significant figures. --- Special case. --- Standard deviation. --- Statistical mechanics. --- Stochastic process. --- Subalgebra. --- Subset. --- Summation. --- Theorem. --- Theory. --- Total variation. --- Transfer principle. --- Transfinite number. --- Trigonometric functions. --- Upper and lower bounds. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Variance. --- Vector space. --- W0. --- Wiener process. --- Without loss of generality.