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The breakup of the Space Shuttle Columbia as it reentered Earth's atmosphere on February 1, 2003, reminded the public--and NASA--of the grave risks posed to spacecraft by everything from insulating foam to space debris. Here, Alan Tribble presents a singular, up-to-date account of a wide range of less conspicuous but no less consequential environmental effects that can damage or cause poor performance of orbiting spacecraft. Conveying a wealth of insight into the nature of the space environment and how spacecraft interact with it, he covers design modifications aimed at eliminating or reducing such environmental effects as solar absorptance increases caused by self-contamination, materials erosion by atomic oxygen, electrical discharges due to spacecraft charging, degradation of electrical circuits by radiation, and bombardment by micrometeorites. This book is unique in that it bridges the gap between studies of the space environment as performed by space physicists and spacecraft design engineering as practiced by aerospace engineers.

Space vehicles --- Space environment. --- Medi ambient espacial --- Vehicles espacials --- Compton effect. --- Debye length. --- Earth shielding. --- activation energy. --- alpha radiation. --- burnout. --- coronal mass ejection. --- displacement damage. --- electrical ground. --- galactic cosmic ray. --- gravitational focusing. --- hydrazine. --- ideal gas law. --- impact cratering. --- latchup. --- launch facility. --- magnetopause. --- magnetosphere. --- mass density. --- nuclear weapons. --- obscuration. --- outgassing. --- pair production. --- reaction efficiency (RE). --- residence time. --- scale height. --- snapover. --- thermosphere. --- view factor. --- Design and construction. --- Disseny i construcció --- Compton effect. --- Debye length. --- Earth shielding. --- activation energy. --- alpha radiation. --- burnout. --- coronal mass ejection. --- displacement damage. --- electrical ground. --- galactic cosmic ray. --- gravitational focusing. --- hydrazine. --- ideal gas law. --- impact cratering. --- latchup. --- launch facility. --- magnetopause. --- magnetosphere. --- mass density. --- nuclear weapons. --- obscuration. --- outgassing. --- pair production. --- reaction efficiency (RE). --- residence time. --- scale height. --- snapover. --- thermosphere. --- view factor.

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The theory around the concept of finite time describes how processes of any nature can be optimized in situations when their rate is required to be non-negligible, i.e., they must come to completion in a finite time. What the theory makes explicit is “the cost of haste”. Intuitively, it is quite obvious that you drive your car differently if you want to reach your destination as quickly as possible as opposed to the case when you are running out of gas. Finite-time thermodynamics quantifies such opposing requirements and may provide the optimal control to achieve the best compromise. The theory was initially developed for heat engines (steam, Otto, Stirling, a.o.) and for refrigerators, but it has by now evolved into essentially all areas of dynamic systems from the most abstract ones to the most practical ones. The present collection shows some fascinating current examples.

Economics, finance, business & management --- macroentropy --- microentropy --- endoreversible engine --- reversible computing --- Landauer’s principle --- piston motion optimization --- endoreversible thermodynamics --- stirling engine --- irreversibility --- power --- efficiency --- optimization --- generalized radiative heat transfer law --- optimal motion path --- maximum work output --- elimination method --- finite time thermodynamics --- thermodynamics --- economics --- optimal processes --- n/a --- averaged --- heat transfer --- cyclic mode --- simulation --- modeling --- reconstruction --- nonequilibrium thermodynamics --- entropy production --- contact temperature --- quantum thermodynamics --- maximum power --- shortcut to adiabaticity --- quantum friction --- Otto cycle --- quantum engine --- quantum refrigerator --- finite-time thermodynamics --- sulfuric acid decomposition --- tubular plug-flow reactor --- entropy generation rate --- SO2 yield --- multi-objective optimization --- optimal control --- thermodynamic cycles --- thermodynamic length --- hydrogen atom --- nano-size engines --- a-thermal cycle --- heat engines --- cooling --- very long timescales --- slow time --- ideal gas law --- new and modified variables --- Silicon–Germanium alloys --- minimum of thermal conductivity --- efficiency of thermoelectric systems --- minimal energy dissipation --- radiative energy transfer --- radiative entropy transfer --- two-stream grey atmosphere --- energy flux density --- entropy flux density --- generalized winds --- conservatively perturbed equilibrium --- extreme value --- momentary equilibrium --- information geometry of thermodynamics --- thermodynamic curvature --- critical phenomena --- binary fluids --- van der Waals equation --- quantum heat engine --- carnot cycle --- otto cycle --- multiobjective optimization --- Pareto front --- stability --- maximum power regime --- entropy behavior --- biophysics --- biochemistry --- dynamical systems --- diversity --- complexity --- path information --- calorimetry --- entropy flow --- biological communities --- reacting systems --- Landauer's principle --- Silicon-Germanium alloys