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Geo-spatial analysis has become an essential component of hydrological studies to process and examine geo-spatial data such as hydrological variables (e.g., precipitation and discharge) and basin characteristics (e.g., DEM and land use land cover). The advancement of the data acquisition technique helps accumulate geo-spatial data with more extensive spatial coverage than traditional in-situ observations. The development of geo-spatial analytic methods is beneficial for the processing and analysis of multi-source data in a more efficient and reliable way for a variety of research and practical issues in hydrology. This book is a collection of the articles of a published Special Issue Geo-Spatial Analysis in Hydrology in the journal ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. The topics of the articles range from the improvement of geo-spatial analytic methods to the applications of geo-spatial analysis in emerging hydrological issues. The results of these articles show that traditional hydrological/hydraulic models coupled with geo-spatial techniques are a way to make streamflow simulations more efficient and reliable for flood-related decision making. Geo-spatial analysis based on more advanced methods and data is a reliable resolution to obtain high-resolution information for hydrological studies at fine spatial scale.

Canadian Hydrographic Service --- Satellite-Derived Bathymetry --- empirical --- classification --- photogrammetry --- level of confidence --- spatio-temporal GIS --- hydrodynamic model --- spatio-temporal computation framework --- flood risk --- 3D simulation --- watershed division --- Sentinel-2A --- Google Earth Engine (GEE) --- Taihu Basin --- hydrology --- plains area --- RapidEye --- water quality --- red edge --- remote sensing --- flash flood --- PCSWMM --- curve number --- rainfall-runoff model --- HEC-RAS --- Pakistan --- crop water requirement --- reflectance-based crop coefficients --- normalized difference vegetation index --- evapotranspiration --- geo-spatial analysis --- scaling issue --- basin characteristic extraction --- hydrological modelling

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Physical processes are keys for the status of a lake. In this Special Issue, the emphasis is on dissolved oxygen and on exchange of gases, energy and momentum between atmosphere and further mixing and consumption within the water. The studies presented relate to ice-free as well as ice-covered lakes. Field measurements are combined with theoretical approaches.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- hydrodynamic model --- bubble plume --- artificial mixing --- GLM --- Si3D --- dissolved gas --- Henry law --- total gas pressure --- ebullition --- greenhouse gases --- lacustrine waters --- diurnal variation --- hourly model --- water temperature --- dissolved oxygen --- shallow lakes --- and sediment heat flux --- water quality --- chlorophyll-a --- phosphorus --- phosphorus release --- full set of turbulent stresses --- Acoustic Doppler current profilers --- interbeam velocity correlations --- ice-covered lakes --- convectively-mixed layer --- anisotropic turbulence --- shallow lake --- ice-covered period --- ice phenology --- snow-ice cover thickness --- under-ice irradiance --- radiatively driven convection --- climate change --- 3D modelling --- stratification --- bubble plumes --- fractal --- lakes --- mixing --- multi-scale --- turbulence --- energy fluxes --- energy content --- reservoirs --- internal waves --- surface waves --- biogenic turbulence

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Physical processes are keys for the status of a lake. In this Special Issue, the emphasis is on dissolved oxygen and on exchange of gases, energy and momentum between atmosphere and further mixing and consumption within the water. The studies presented relate to ice-free as well as ice-covered lakes. Field measurements are combined with theoretical approaches.

hydrodynamic model --- bubble plume --- artificial mixing --- GLM --- Si3D --- dissolved gas --- Henry law --- total gas pressure --- ebullition --- greenhouse gases --- lacustrine waters --- diurnal variation --- hourly model --- water temperature --- dissolved oxygen --- shallow lakes --- and sediment heat flux --- water quality --- chlorophyll-a --- phosphorus --- phosphorus release --- full set of turbulent stresses --- Acoustic Doppler current profilers --- interbeam velocity correlations --- ice-covered lakes --- convectively-mixed layer --- anisotropic turbulence --- shallow lake --- ice-covered period --- ice phenology --- snow-ice cover thickness --- under-ice irradiance --- radiatively driven convection --- climate change --- 3D modelling --- stratification --- bubble plumes --- fractal --- lakes --- mixing --- multi-scale --- turbulence --- energy fluxes --- energy content --- reservoirs --- internal waves --- surface waves --- biogenic turbulence

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The present book contains 14 articles that were accepted for publication in the Special Issue “Numerical Computation, Data Analysis and Software in Mathematics and Engineering” of the MDPI journal Mathematics. The topics of these articles include the aspects of the meshless method, numerical simulation, mathematical models, deep learning and data analysis. Meshless methods, such as the improved element-free Galerkin method, the dimension-splitting, interpolating, moving, least-squares method, the dimension-splitting, generalized, interpolating, element-free Galerkin method and the improved interpolating, complex variable, element-free Galerkin method, are presented. Some complicated problems, such as tge cold roll-forming process, ceramsite compound insulation block, crack propagation and heavy-haul railway tunnel with defects, are numerically analyzed. Mathematical models, such as the lattice hydrodynamic model, extended car-following model and smart helmet-based PLS-BPNN error compensation model, are proposed. The use of the deep learning approach to predict the mechanical properties of single-network hydrogel is presented, and data analysis for land leasing is discussed. This book will be interesting and useful for those working in the meshless method, numerical simulation, mathematical model, deep learning and data analysis fields.

Information technology industries --- cold-roll forming --- longitudinal strain --- cubic spline function --- cumulative chord --- elastic-plastic problem --- complex variable meshless method --- interpolating shape function --- singular weight function --- complete basis function --- mathematical model --- leased price --- total leased area --- data analysis --- residential land --- Beijing --- meshless method --- dimension splitting-interpolating moving least squares (DS-IMLS) method --- improved interpolating element-free Galerkin (IEFG) method --- potential problem --- traffic flow --- two-dimensional lattice hydrodynamic model --- driver's predictive effect --- finite element method --- alkali-activated slag ceramsite compound insulation block --- ANSYS CFX --- thermal and mechanical performances --- indoor thermal environment --- dimension splitting method --- dimension splitting generalized interpolating element-free Galerkin method --- convection-diffusion-reaction problem --- deep learning --- hydrogel network --- mechanical property --- convolutional neural network --- self-avoiding walk --- personnel health monitoring --- construction site management --- smart helmet --- infrared temperature measurement --- temperature error compensation --- BP neural network --- COVID-19 --- peridynamics --- dual-horizon --- crack propagation --- variable horizon --- multi-grid --- car-following model --- visual angle model --- electronic throttle angle --- stability analysis --- heavy haul --- railway tunnel --- basement structure --- dynamic response characteristics --- defects --- the lattice hydrodynamic model --- control signal --- strong wind --- optimal estimation of flux difference integral --- improved element-free Galerkin method --- Helmholtz equation --- penalty method --- improved moving least-squares approximation --- cold-roll forming --- longitudinal strain --- cubic spline function --- cumulative chord --- elastic-plastic problem --- complex variable meshless method --- interpolating shape function --- singular weight function --- complete basis function --- mathematical model --- leased price --- total leased area --- data analysis --- residential land --- Beijing --- meshless method --- dimension splitting-interpolating moving least squares (DS-IMLS) method --- improved interpolating element-free Galerkin (IEFG) method --- potential problem --- traffic flow --- two-dimensional lattice hydrodynamic model --- driver's predictive effect --- finite element method --- alkali-activated slag ceramsite compound insulation block --- ANSYS CFX --- thermal and mechanical performances --- indoor thermal environment --- dimension splitting method --- dimension splitting generalized interpolating element-free Galerkin method --- convection-diffusion-reaction problem --- deep learning --- hydrogel network --- mechanical property --- convolutional neural network --- self-avoiding walk --- personnel health monitoring --- construction site management --- smart helmet --- infrared temperature measurement --- temperature error compensation --- BP neural network --- COVID-19 --- peridynamics --- dual-horizon --- crack propagation --- variable horizon --- multi-grid --- car-following model --- visual angle model --- electronic throttle angle --- stability analysis --- heavy haul --- railway tunnel --- basement structure --- dynamic response characteristics --- defects --- the lattice hydrodynamic model --- control signal --- strong wind --- optimal estimation of flux difference integral --- improved element-free Galerkin method --- Helmholtz equation --- penalty method --- improved moving least-squares approximation

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The present book contains 14 articles that were accepted for publication in the Special Issue “Numerical Computation, Data Analysis and Software in Mathematics and Engineering” of the MDPI journal Mathematics. The topics of these articles include the aspects of the meshless method, numerical simulation, mathematical models, deep learning and data analysis. Meshless methods, such as the improved element-free Galerkin method, the dimension-splitting, interpolating, moving, least-squares method, the dimension-splitting, generalized, interpolating, element-free Galerkin method and the improved interpolating, complex variable, element-free Galerkin method, are presented. Some complicated problems, such as tge cold roll-forming process, ceramsite compound insulation block, crack propagation and heavy-haul railway tunnel with defects, are numerically analyzed. Mathematical models, such as the lattice hydrodynamic model, extended car-following model and smart helmet-based PLS-BPNN error compensation model, are proposed. The use of the deep learning approach to predict the mechanical properties of single-network hydrogel is presented, and data analysis for land leasing is discussed. This book will be interesting and useful for those working in the meshless method, numerical simulation, mathematical model, deep learning and data analysis fields.

cold-roll forming --- longitudinal strain --- cubic spline function --- cumulative chord --- elastic–plastic problem --- complex variable meshless method --- interpolating shape function --- singular weight function --- complete basis function --- mathematical model --- leased price --- total leased area --- data analysis --- residential land --- Beijing --- meshless method --- dimension splitting–interpolating moving least squares (DS-IMLS) method --- improved interpolating element-free Galerkin (IEFG) method --- potential problem --- traffic flow --- two-dimensional lattice hydrodynamic model --- driver’s predictive effect --- finite element method --- alkali-activated slag ceramsite compound insulation block --- ANSYS CFX --- thermal and mechanical performances --- indoor thermal environment --- dimension splitting method --- dimension splitting generalized interpolating element-free Galerkin method --- convection–diffusion–reaction problem --- deep learning --- hydrogel network --- mechanical property --- convolutional neural network --- self-avoiding walk --- personnel health monitoring --- construction site management --- smart helmet --- infrared temperature measurement --- temperature error compensation --- BP neural network --- COVID-19 --- peridynamics --- dual-horizon --- crack propagation --- variable horizon --- multi-grid --- car-following model --- visual angle model --- electronic throttle angle --- stability analysis --- heavy haul --- railway tunnel --- basement structure --- dynamic response characteristics --- defects --- the lattice hydrodynamic model --- control signal --- strong wind --- optimal estimation of flux difference integral --- improved element-free Galerkin method --- Helmholtz equation --- penalty method --- improved moving least-squares approximation --- n/a --- elastic-plastic problem --- dimension splitting-interpolating moving least squares (DS-IMLS) method --- driver's predictive effect --- convection-diffusion-reaction problem