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Nowadays, more and more people realize the importance of global sustainability. Also, there has been an increasing number of quantitative studies investigating the connection between climate change and human societies in academia. Given this background, the Atmosphere Special Issue “Climate Change, Climatic Extremes, and Human Societies in the Past” aimed to highlight the major aspects of the climate-society nexus in ancient and recent human history. There are eight papers based on quantitative approaches to illustrate different forms of climate-society nexus in ancient, historical, and contemporary periods. Regarding ancient periods, the interconnection among climate, agriculture, and human societies is focused. Regarding historical periods, the non-linear and complex relationship between climate change and the positive checks (wars, famines, and epidemics) in historical China and pre-industrial Europe is revealed. Regarding contemporary periods, the papers focus on weather-related phenomena that significantly affect human societies. The complexity of those phenomena is also highlighted. The associated findings can help human societies to mitigate the adverse impacts of weather extremes better. This special issue contributes to the field of quantitative analysis of the climate-society nexus, both theoretically and methodologically, which could facilitate a more fruitful discussion about the climate-society nexus.

Research & information: general --- soil moisture–temperature coupling --- heatwaves --- multiple time scales --- correlation dimension method --- Geogdetector method --- interaction effect --- multi-scale --- climate change --- war --- imperial China --- Global Moran’s I --- Emerging Hot Spot Analysis --- plague --- direct and indirect effects --- Structural Equation Modelling --- drought --- regional interaction --- North China Famine of 1876–1879 --- human diet --- hierarchy --- bronze age --- carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios --- decision tree --- random forest --- precipitation prediction --- machine learning --- Yangtze River valley --- Yellow River valley --- rice cultivation --- millet cultivation --- precipitation --- Neolithic China --- n/a --- soil moisture-temperature coupling --- Global Moran's I --- North China Famine of 1876-1879

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Nutrition has long been considered more the domain of medicine and agriculture than of the biological sciences, yet it touches and shapes all aspects of the natural world. The need for nutrients determines whether wild animals thrive, how populations evolve and decline, and how ecological communities are structured. The Nature of Nutrition is the first book to address nutrition's enormously complex role in biology, both at the level of individual organisms and in their broader ecological interactions. Stephen Simpson and David Raubenheimer provide a comprehensive theoretical approach to the analysis of nutrition--the Geometric Framework. They show how it can help us to understand the links between nutrition and the biology of individual animals, including the physiological mechanisms that determine the nutritional interactions of the animal with its environment, and the consequences of these interactions in terms of health, immune responses, and lifespan. Simpson and Raubenheimer explain how these effects translate into the collective behavior of groups and societies, and in turn influence food webs and the structure of ecosystems. Then they demonstrate how the Geometric Framework can be used to tackle issues in applied nutrition, such as the problem of optimizing diets for livestock and endangered species, and how it can also help to address the epidemic of human obesity and metabolic disease. Drawing on a wealth of examples from slime molds to humans, The Nature of Nutrition has important applications in ecology, evolution, and physiology, and offers promising solutions for human health, conservation, and agriculture.

Energy metabolism. --- Obesity. --- Physiology, Experimental. --- Bioenergetics. --- Adaptation (Physiology) --- Animal nutrition. --- Nutrition --- Nutrition. --- Bioenergetics --- Metabolism --- Microbial respiration --- Adiposity --- Corpulence --- Fatness --- Overweight --- Body weight --- Nutrition disorders --- Experimental physiology --- Energy balance (Biology) --- Energy budget (Biology) --- Energy dynamics (Ecology) --- Energy utilization (Biology) --- Biochemistry --- Energy budget (Geophysics) --- Compensation (Physiology) --- Plasticity (Physiology) --- Ecophysiology --- Animals --- Domestic animals --- Livestock --- Nutrition research --- Alimentation --- Food --- Health --- Physiology --- Diet --- Dietetics --- Digestion --- Food habits --- Malnutrition --- Research. --- Disorders --- Health aspects --- Geometric Framework. --- aging. --- agricultural animals. --- animal feeds. --- animal life. --- animal nutrition. --- applied nutrition. --- biophysical ecology. --- cannibalism. --- companion animals. --- conservation ecology. --- dietary recommendations. --- dietary restriction. --- ecological communities. --- ecological sciences. --- ecosystem dynamics. --- ecosystem. --- endangered species. --- energetic expenditure. --- epigenetic effects. --- evolutionary ecology. --- feeding behavior. --- food components. --- food composition. --- food requirements. --- food webs. --- food-level analysis. --- geometric responses. --- group-level behavioral patterns. --- growth targets. --- gut. --- health. --- human diet. --- human health. --- human nutrition. --- human obesity. --- imbalanced diets. --- immune response. --- individual nutrition. --- individual nutritional state. --- intake target. --- intake targets. --- life history theory. --- life span. --- life-history strategies. --- lifespan. --- local nutritional interactions. --- macronutrient intake. --- macronutrient. --- malnutrition. --- medicine. --- metabolic disease. --- metabolic responses. --- micronutrient. --- migration. --- modern human diet. --- multiple nutrients. --- multiple-food-components. --- natural medicines. --- natural selection. --- nutrient intake. --- nutrient needs. --- nutrient space. --- nutrient-level analysis. --- nutrients. --- nutrition. --- nutritional biology. --- nutritional environment. --- nutritional environments. --- nutritional epigenetics. --- nutritional geometry. --- nutritional homeostasis. --- nutritional immunology. --- nutritional interactions. --- nutritional regimes. --- nutritional requirements. --- nutritional sciences. --- nutritional space. --- nutritional state. --- nutritional traits. --- physiological responses. --- postingestive regulatory responses. --- protein appetite. --- protein intake. --- reproduction. --- reproductive senescence. --- self-medication. --- sex. --- sexual selection theory. --- stored fat. --- superorganism. --- taste receptors. --- toxin. --- trophic dynamics.