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Returns to investment in education based on human capital theory have been estimated systematically since the 1950s. In the 60-plus year history of such estimates, there have been several compilations in the literature. This paper reviews and highlights the latest trends and patterns based on a database of 1,120 estimates in 139 countries. The review shows that the private average global rate of return to one extra year of schooling is about 9 percent a year and very stable over decades. Private returns to higher education have increased over time, raising issues of financing and equity. Social returns to schooling remain high, above 10 percent at the secondary and higher education levels. Women continue to experience higher average rates of return to schooling, showing that girls' education remains a priority. Returns are higher in low-income countries. Those employed in the private sector of the economy enjoy higher returns than those in the public sector, lending support to the productive value of education.
Economics of Education --- Education --- Education Investment --- Educational Sciences --- Human Capital Investment --- Primary Education --- Returns To Education --- Secondary Education --- Skilled Labor --- Tertiary Education
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Exploiting cross-birth cohort and cross-country variation from a pool of 188 household surveys from 111 countries, this paper measures how life expectancy at birth affects lifetime education and earnings. On average, individuals add one year of schooling for every 8.3 years of increased life expectancy at birth. Lifetime earnings increase by 1.7 percent per year of added life expectancy at birth. The estimates imply that rising life expectancy at birth explains 75 percent of the increase in average years of schooling worldwide for birth cohorts between 1922 and 1987 and 38 percent of the increase in average gross domestic product per capita in the 20th century.
Economics Of Education --- Human Capital Investment --- Human Development --- Labor Force Participation --- Life Expectancy --- Lifelong Learning --- Lifetime Earnings --- Living Standards --- Returns To Education --- Years Of Schooling
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A two-year randomized evaluation shows that the effectiveness of mobile mentors on schooling outcomes crucially depends on their training. While a standard training modality in highly marginalized communities in Mexico generates 0 results, enhanced training yields sizable treatment effects on primary school children's cognitive, behavioral, and educational achievements. This difference cannot be explained by re medial educational activities or pedagogical support, but it can be reconciled with higher parental aspirations and investments. Evidence gathered on the subsequent national roll out of the intervention with enhanced training substantiates the scalability of the experimental design.
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Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) are a popular type of social welfare program that make payments to households conditional on human capital investments in children. Compared to unconditional cash transfers (UCTs), CCTs may exclude some low-income households as access is tied to normal investments in children. This paper argues that conditionalities on children's school enrollment offer an unexplored targeting benefit over UCTs: CCTs target money to households that forgo a discrete amount of child income. This paper shows that the size of this targeting benefit is directly related to the distribution of parental incomes, the size of forgone child incomes, and two elasticities already popular in the literature: the income effect of a UCT and the price effect of a CCT. These elasticities are estimated for a large CCT program in rural Mexico, Progresa, using variation in transfers to younger siblings to identify income effects. In this setting, the analysis finds that the targeting benefit is almost as large as the cost of excluding some low-income households; this implies that 41 percent of the Progresa budget should go to a CCT over a UCT based on targeting grounds alone.
Access and Equity in Basic Education --- Access of Poor to Social Services --- Conditional Cash Transfer --- Education --- Education Finance --- Human Capital Investment --- Poverty Reduction --- School Enrollment --- Social Assistance --- Social Protections and Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor --- Targeting
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The conditions for sustainable growth and development are among the most debated topics in economics, and the consensus is that institutions matter greatly in explaining why some economies are more successful than others over time. Probing the long-term effects of early colonial differences on immigration policy, land distribution, and financial development in a variety of settings, Understanding Long-Run Economic Growth explores the relationship between economic conditions, growth, and inequality, with a focus on how the monopolization of resources by the political elite limits incentives for ordinary people to invest in human capital or technological discovery. Among the topics discussed are the development of credit markets in France, the evolution of transportation companies in the United Kingdom and the United States, and the organization of innovation in the United States.
Economic development. --- Economic history. --- Sokoloff, Kenneth Lee. --- economic growth, economy, geography, development, finance, inequality, land distribution, immigration policy, credit markets, innovation, discovery, technology, human capital, investment, incentives, resources, monopoly, nonfiction, economics, transportation companies, france, england, united kingdom, britain, frontier, urban, centralization, history, mortgage loans, debt, patents.
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Cox uses date from the 1992-93 and 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS) to describe patterns of money transfers between households. Rapid economic growth during the 1990s did little to diminish the importance of private transfers in Vietnam. Private transfers are large and widespread in both surveys, and are much larger than public transfers. Private transfers appear to function like means-tested public transfers, flowing from better-off to worse-off households and providing old age support in retirement. Panel evidence suggests some hysteresis in private transfer patterns, but many households also changed from recipients to givers and vice versa between surveys. Changes in private transfers appear responsive to changes in household pre-transfer income, demographic changes, and life-course events. Transfer inflows rise upon retirement and widowhood, for example, and are positively associated with increases in health expenditures. It also appears that private transfer inflows increased for households affected by Typhoon Linda, which devastated Vietnam's southernmost provinces in late 1997. This paper is a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Economic Growth and Household Welfare: Policy Lessons from Vietnam. The author may be contacted at donald.cox@bc.edu.
Communities & Human Settlements --- Crowding Out --- Economic Growth --- Farm Productivity --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Household Head --- Household Income --- Household Welfare --- Human Capital --- Human Capital Investment --- Income --- Income Redistribution --- Income Transfers --- Labor Policies --- Land and Real Estate Development --- Measures --- Money Transfers --- Municipal Housing and Land --- Poor --- Poverty --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Interhousehold Transfers --- Private Safety Nets --- Private Sector Development --- Private Transfers --- Public Safety Nets --- Real Estate Development --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Social Protections and Labor --- Social Security
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This book consists of articles that investigate and discuss the relationship between economics of education and sustainable development; that is, how education economics plays an important role in sustainable development. Economics of education or education economics is the study of economic issues relating to education (such as education policy and finance, human capital production and acquisition, and the returns to human capital); while sustainable development is the study of a system (a human society) operating and growing continuously, which includes environment, economy, industry, business, agriculture, etc. This book particularly focuses on the economy – how an economy continuously and steadily develops and grows.
Humanities --- Education --- higher education --- education input --- technological innovation --- economic growth --- VAR model --- education heterogeneity --- spatial spillover effects --- total factor productivity growth --- dynamic spatial SLX model --- wage discrimination --- sustainable development --- sheepskin effects --- supply/demand transition in labor market --- gender discrimination --- academic progression --- women faculty --- female professors --- maternity penalty --- gender gap --- gender disparity --- education --- Propensity Score Matching --- Intra-household income inequality --- senior secondary school --- parental economic expectation --- sustainable economic development --- international students --- human capital --- sustainable financial education --- consumer life satisfaction --- the necessity of financial education --- ordered probit regression --- trivariate causality --- health --- Zimbabwe --- human capital investment --- rate of returns --- screening and sheepskin effects --- tuition fee control policy --- financial management --- principal–agency model --- educational policy evaluation --- unintended consequence --- high school equalization policy --- housing market --- difference-in-differences analysis --- entrepreneurial intentions --- emotional competencies --- behavioral competencies --- entrepreneurial education --- nonlinear --- kink regression --- ASEAN-5
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This book consists of articles that investigate and discuss the relationship between economics of education and sustainable development; that is, how education economics plays an important role in sustainable development. Economics of education or education economics is the study of economic issues relating to education (such as education policy and finance, human capital production and acquisition, and the returns to human capital); while sustainable development is the study of a system (a human society) operating and growing continuously, which includes environment, economy, industry, business, agriculture, etc. This book particularly focuses on the economy – how an economy continuously and steadily develops and grows.
Humanities --- Education --- higher education --- education input --- technological innovation --- economic growth --- VAR model --- education heterogeneity --- spatial spillover effects --- total factor productivity growth --- dynamic spatial SLX model --- wage discrimination --- sustainable development --- sheepskin effects --- supply/demand transition in labor market --- gender discrimination --- academic progression --- women faculty --- female professors --- maternity penalty --- gender gap --- gender disparity --- education --- Propensity Score Matching --- Intra-household income inequality --- senior secondary school --- parental economic expectation --- sustainable economic development --- international students --- human capital --- sustainable financial education --- consumer life satisfaction --- the necessity of financial education --- ordered probit regression --- trivariate causality --- health --- Zimbabwe --- human capital investment --- rate of returns --- screening and sheepskin effects --- tuition fee control policy --- financial management --- principal–agency model --- educational policy evaluation --- unintended consequence --- high school equalization policy --- housing market --- difference-in-differences analysis --- entrepreneurial intentions --- emotional competencies --- behavioral competencies --- entrepreneurial education --- nonlinear --- kink regression --- ASEAN-5
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A comprehensive analysis of European craft guilds through eight centuries of economic historyGuilds ruled many crafts and trades from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, and have always attracted debate and controversy. They were sometimes viewed as efficient institutions that guaranteed quality and skills. But they also excluded competitors, manipulated markets, and blocked innovations. Did the benefits of guilds outweigh their costs? Analyzing thousands of guilds that dominated European economies from 1000 to 1880, The European Guilds uses vivid examples and clear economic reasoning to answer that question.Sheilagh Ogilvie's book features the voices of honorable guild masters, underpaid journeymen, exploited apprentices, shady officials, and outraged customers, and follows the stories of the "vile encroachers"-women, migrants, Jews, gypsies, bastards, and many others-desperate to work but hunted down by the guilds as illicit competitors. She investigates the benefits of guilds but also shines a light on their dark side. Guilds sometimes provided important services, but they also manipulated markets to profit their members. They regulated quality but prevented poor consumers from buying goods cheaply. They fostered work skills but denied apprenticeships to outsiders. They transmitted useful techniques but blocked innovations that posed a threat. Guilds existed widely not because they corrected market failures or served the common good but because they benefited two powerful groups-guild members and political elites.Exploring guilds' inner workings across eight centuries, The European Guilds shows how privileged institutions and exclusive networks shape the wider economy-for good or ill.
Guilds --- Merchants --- History. --- Europe --- Commerce --- European economies. --- European economy. --- Toledo silk-twisters. --- apprentices. --- apprenticeships. --- bribery. --- cartel rents. --- cartels. --- comprehensive training. --- compulsory apprenticeship. --- consumers. --- corrupt governments. --- corruption. --- economic activities. --- economic benefits. --- economic discrimination. --- economic growth. --- economic performance. --- economy. --- entitlement. --- entry barriers. --- exclusive rights. --- exploitation. --- external competition. --- female competitors. --- female masters. --- female workers. --- guild masters. --- guild members. --- guild numbers. --- guild strength. --- guild-free enclaves. --- guilds. --- human capital investment. --- human capital. --- information asymmetries. --- innovation. --- internal cohesiveness. --- internal rivalry. --- invention. --- journeymen. --- legal entitlements. --- male tutelage. --- market failure. --- market failures. --- market manipulation. --- market regulations. --- merchant. --- minimum selling prices. --- political elites. --- political pressure. --- practitioners. --- private-order institutions. --- privileges. --- producer. --- producers. --- quality violations. --- social capital. --- social networks. --- spatial clustering. --- state failures. --- technological innovation. --- technological knowledge. --- work skills.
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This book consists of articles that investigate and discuss the relationship between economics of education and sustainable development; that is, how education economics plays an important role in sustainable development. Economics of education or education economics is the study of economic issues relating to education (such as education policy and finance, human capital production and acquisition, and the returns to human capital); while sustainable development is the study of a system (a human society) operating and growing continuously, which includes environment, economy, industry, business, agriculture, etc. This book particularly focuses on the economy – how an economy continuously and steadily develops and grows.
higher education --- education input --- technological innovation --- economic growth --- VAR model --- education heterogeneity --- spatial spillover effects --- total factor productivity growth --- dynamic spatial SLX model --- wage discrimination --- sustainable development --- sheepskin effects --- supply/demand transition in labor market --- gender discrimination --- academic progression --- women faculty --- female professors --- maternity penalty --- gender gap --- gender disparity --- education --- Propensity Score Matching --- Intra-household income inequality --- senior secondary school --- parental economic expectation --- sustainable economic development --- international students --- human capital --- sustainable financial education --- consumer life satisfaction --- the necessity of financial education --- ordered probit regression --- trivariate causality --- health --- Zimbabwe --- human capital investment --- rate of returns --- screening and sheepskin effects --- tuition fee control policy --- financial management --- principal–agency model --- educational policy evaluation --- unintended consequence --- high school equalization policy --- housing market --- difference-in-differences analysis --- entrepreneurial intentions --- emotional competencies --- behavioral competencies --- entrepreneurial education --- nonlinear --- kink regression --- ASEAN-5
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