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Analysis imposes substantial challenges, especially when dealing with analytes present at trace levels in complex matrices. Although modern instrumentation has simplified analyses and makes them more reliable, its use is only the last step of the whole analytical process. On the other hand, sample preparation still represents the bottleneck in many analytical methods and often requires the use of extensive protocols before instrumental analysis. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a well-established sample-prep technique for simultaneous extraction and pre-concentration of compounds from a variety of matrices. Given its compliance with the principles of green analytical chemistry, as well as the simplicity, versatility, and availability of different formats, SPME addresses several challenges associated with the traditional sample preparation approaches and allows for a substantial streamlining of the analytical workflow. This book is the reprint of a Special Issue that includes six contributions provided by some of the world’s leading research groups in the field and focuses on recent advances in solid-phase microextraction.

Research & information: general --- in-tube solid phase microextraction (IT-SPME) --- SiO2 nanoparticles --- TiO2 nanoparticles --- capillary liquid chromatography --- nano-liquid chromatography --- solid-phase microextraction --- metal–organic framework --- crystalline nanostructures --- nanomaterials --- analytical chemistry --- coatings --- microextraction devices --- sample preparation --- SPME --- gas chromatography --- air monitoring --- volatile organic compounds --- fiber selection --- solid phase microextraction (SPME) --- air analysis --- environmental waters analysis --- soil analysis --- food monitoring --- on-site sampling --- human biomonitoring (HBM) --- chromatography --- ambient mass spectrometry --- ultra-trace analysis --- green chemistry --- circular economy --- natural products --- sorbents --- cork --- cotton --- pollen --- seeds --- paper --- wood --- in vivo extraction --- tissue analysis --- cells --- simple organisms --- n/a --- metal-organic framework

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In recent years, there has been rapid growth in the availability of innovative, non-combustible products, including oral tobacco-derived nicotine (OTDN) products, heated tobacco products (HTPs), and electronic cigarettes (also referred to as e-vapor products; EVPs). Industry, academic, and government researchers are developing and validating analytical methods to extract, separate, identify, and quantitate a variety of analytes from these innovative tobacco products using a wide range of analytical techniques. These analytes include constituents such as nicotine, degradants and impurities, flavors, non-tobacco ingredients, HPHCs, and other currently unknown constituents. In this Special Issue, we received nine contributions that covered the latest analytical methods that have been developed and applied for the chemical characterization or exposure assessment to tobacco product constituents of innovative non-combustible products. This Special Issue is representative of the importance of analytical sciences research in characterizing innovative non-combustible products for guiding product design, determining relative product performance, ensuring consistency during the manufacturing process, informing toxicological risk assessment, and enabling regulatory reporting. The current advances in the development and applications of the analytical methods reported in this Special Issue can be used to inform the harm reduction potential of innovative non-combustible products for adult smokers.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- Analytical chemistry --- on!® nicotine pouches --- nicotine --- dissolution --- release profile --- validation --- product assessment --- smokeless tobacco product --- nicotine degradants --- nicotine-related impurities --- alkaloids --- nicotine degradation products --- nicotine pouches --- reduced-risk products --- constituents --- method development --- method validation --- JUUL --- aerosol --- non-targeted analysis --- chemical characterization --- ENDS --- e-cigarette --- GC-MS --- LC-HRMS --- e-liquid --- 2,4-DNPH derivatization --- formaldehyde --- --- formaldehyde-containing hemiacetal/acetal adducts --- HPHC --- GC-MS --- 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene --- LC-MS/MS --- urine --- human biomonitoring --- derivatization --- potentially reduced-risk products --- propylene glycol --- electronic cigarette --- biomarker of exposure --- compliance marker --- oral tobacco derived nicotine (OTDN) pouches --- snus --- nicotine release --- nicotine dissolution --- nicotine extraction --- equivalence --- modern oral nicotine products --- HPHCs --- product characterizations --- on!® nicotine pouches --- nicotine --- dissolution --- release profile --- validation --- product assessment --- smokeless tobacco product --- nicotine degradants --- nicotine-related impurities --- alkaloids --- nicotine degradation products --- nicotine pouches --- reduced-risk products --- constituents --- method development --- method validation --- JUUL --- aerosol --- non-targeted analysis --- chemical characterization --- ENDS --- e-cigarette --- GC-MS --- LC-HRMS --- e-liquid --- 2,4-DNPH derivatization --- formaldehyde --- --- formaldehyde-containing hemiacetal/acetal adducts --- HPHC --- GC-MS --- 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene --- LC-MS/MS --- urine --- human biomonitoring --- derivatization --- potentially reduced-risk products --- propylene glycol --- electronic cigarette --- biomarker of exposure --- compliance marker --- oral tobacco derived nicotine (OTDN) pouches --- snus --- nicotine release --- nicotine dissolution --- nicotine extraction --- equivalence --- modern oral nicotine products --- HPHCs --- product characterizations

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The term ‘biomedical engineering’ refers to the application of the principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering to biology and medicine. Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary branch, as many of the problems health professionals are confronted with have traditionally been of interest to engineers because they involve processes that are fundamental to engineering practice. Biomedical engineers employ common engineering methods to comprehend, modify, or control biological systems, and to design and manufacture devices that can assist in the diagnosis and therapy of human diseases. This Special Issue of Fluids aims to be a forum for scientists and engineers from academia and industry to present and discuss recent developments in the field of biomedical engineering. It contains papers that tackle, both numerically (Computational Fluid Dynamics studies) and experimentally, biomedical engineering problems, with a diverse range of studies focusing on the fundamental understanding of fluid flows in biological systems, modelling studies on complex rheological phenomena and molecular dynamics, design and improvement of lab-on-a-chip devices, modelling of processes inside the human body as well as drug delivery applications. Contributions have focused on problems associated with subjects that include hemodynamical flows, arterial wall shear stress, targeted drug delivery, FSI/CFD and Multiphysics simulations, molecular dynamics modelling and physiology-based biokinetic models.

risk assessment --- n/a --- stability study --- inclined ?-channel --- lab-on-a-chip --- pipette Petri dish single-cell trapping (PP-SCT) --- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm --- drug delivery --- human biomonitoring --- abdominal aortic aneurysm --- shikonin --- hyaluronic --- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) --- exposure reconstruction --- doxorubicin --- biokinetics --- blood flow --- gelation --- hyperbranched polyester --- single cell analysis --- capillary --- liposomes --- meniscus --- small vessel --- spreading --- alkannin --- hydrogel --- single-cell trapping --- drug delivery system --- microfluidics --- viscoelastic --- CFD --- FFMR --- computational fluid dynamics simulations --- biochemical processes --- hematocrit --- pressure drop --- passive trapping --- dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) --- arterial wall shear stress --- cell capture --- free-flowing film --- falling film microreactor --- non-Newtonian --- pulsatile flow --- tilt trapping --- haematocrit --- ?-PIV --- viscous --- hydrodynamics --- gravitational --- fluid–structure interaction --- blood --- physiology-based biokinetics --- simulations --- droplet spreading --- human bio-monitoring --- shear thinning --- Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) --- cancer --- bisphenol A --- Casson fluid --- fluid-structure interaction

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In recent years, there has been rapid growth in the availability of innovative, non-combustible products, including oral tobacco-derived nicotine (OTDN) products, heated tobacco products (HTPs), and electronic cigarettes (also referred to as e-vapor products; EVPs). Industry, academic, and government researchers are developing and validating analytical methods to extract, separate, identify, and quantitate a variety of analytes from these innovative tobacco products using a wide range of analytical techniques. These analytes include constituents such as nicotine, degradants and impurities, flavors, non-tobacco ingredients, HPHCs, and other currently unknown constituents. In this Special Issue, we received nine contributions that covered the latest analytical methods that have been developed and applied for the chemical characterization or exposure assessment to tobacco product constituents of innovative non-combustible products. This Special Issue is representative of the importance of analytical sciences research in characterizing innovative non-combustible products for guiding product design, determining relative product performance, ensuring consistency during the manufacturing process, informing toxicological risk assessment, and enabling regulatory reporting. The current advances in the development and applications of the analytical methods reported in this Special Issue can be used to inform the harm reduction potential of innovative non-combustible products for adult smokers.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- Analytical chemistry --- on!® nicotine pouches --- nicotine --- dissolution --- release profile --- validation --- product assessment --- smokeless tobacco product --- nicotine degradants --- nicotine-related impurities --- alkaloids --- nicotine degradation products --- nicotine pouches --- reduced-risk products --- constituents --- method development --- method validation --- JUUL --- aerosol --- non-targeted analysis --- chemical characterization --- ENDS --- e-cigarette --- GC–MS --- LC–HRMS --- e-liquid --- 2,4-DNPH derivatization --- formaldehyde --- “hidden formaldehyde” --- formaldehyde-containing hemiacetal/acetal adducts --- HPHC --- GC-MS --- 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene --- LC–MS/MS --- urine --- human biomonitoring --- derivatization --- potentially reduced-risk products --- propylene glycol --- electronic cigarette --- biomarker of exposure --- compliance marker --- oral tobacco derived nicotine (OTDN) pouches --- snus --- nicotine release --- nicotine dissolution --- nicotine extraction --- equivalence --- modern oral nicotine products --- HPHCs --- product characterizations --- n/a --- LC-HRMS --- --- LC-MS/MS

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Biomarkers of environmental toxicants are measures of exposures, some of which can serve to assess disease risk and inter-individual susceptibilities. Metabolites, protein and DNA adducts also serve to elucidate the mechanisms of the bioactivation and detoxication of reactive toxicant intermediates. Some environmental chemicals act as modulators of gene and protein activity, and induce the dysbiosis of the microbiome, which impacts the metabolome and overall health. In this Special Issue on “Biomarkers of Environmental Toxicants”, review articles and original research studies are featured, covering the latest bioanalytical, biochemical and mass spectrometry-based technologies, to monitor exposures through targeted and non-targeted methods, and mechanistic studies that examine the biological effects of environmental toxicants in cells and humans. Diverse topics, such as exposome, microbiome, DNA/protein adducts and t-RNA modifications, as well as important environment toxicants, including heavy metals, benzene, phthalates, aldehydes, glycidol, tobacco smoke and aristolochic acids, are covered. Novel analytical methods, such as protein adductomics, DNA adduct analysis in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, site-specific mutagenesis assay and accelerator mass spectrometry, are also included. This collection provides a valuable update of the most recent biochemical and analytical tools that employ biomarkers in toxicology research, biomarker discovery, and exposure and risk assessment in population-based studies.

manganese --- lead --- cadmium --- arsenic --- hair --- children --- environment --- carcinogen --- DNA adducts --- biomonitoring --- formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues --- biomarker --- mass spectrometry --- human biomonitoring --- urine --- non-occupational exposure --- S-phenyl-mercapturic acid --- HPLC-MS/MS --- glycidol --- Hb adduct --- N-(2.3-dihydroxypropyl)valine --- in vivo --- cancer risk --- UPLC/MS/MS --- aristolochic acids --- food contamination --- environmental pollution --- root uptake --- aristolochic acid nephropathy --- Balkan endemic nephropathy --- chronic kidney disease --- tobacco smoke --- human carcinogen --- biomarkers --- epitranscriptomics --- tRNA modifications --- stress response mechanisms --- codon-biased translation --- phthalate --- DEHP --- human exposure --- toxicity --- reproductive --- accelerator mass spectrometry --- cavity ring down spectrophotometry --- radiocarbon --- naphthalene --- benzo[a]pyrene --- cell turnover --- triclocarban --- metastasis --- haemoglobin --- albumin --- protein adducts --- aldehydes --- genotoxicity --- cancer --- diseases --- oxidative stress --- exposure biomarkers --- high-resolution mass spectrometry --- data-dependent profiling --- derivatization --- biological fluids --- isotope labeling --- DNA lesion --- DNA damage --- shuttle vector technique --- replication block --- mutagenicity --- mutational spectrum --- mutational signature --- DNA repair --- DNA adduct bypass --- site-specific mutagenesis --- chemical exposome --- environmental monitoring --- disease --- bioinformatics --- gut microbiome --- chemical toxicity --- n/a