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Rapid urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa places immense pressure on urban services to meet the needs of the burgeoning urban population. Although several country- or city-level reports offer insight into the housing challenges of specific places, little is known about regional patterns affecting housing markets. This lack of clear knowledge on the relative importance of the factors influencing households' housing demand in countries in Sub-Saharan Africa inhibits policy makers, researchers, the private sector, and development partners from making informed decisions when addressing affordable housing provision and the rapid increase in and growth of informal settlements. To shed light on the contours of housing patterns and impediments impacting the region' households, this paper provides a systematic review of housing conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa. By drilling down into the housing issues in the region from the perspective of the household, the paper analyses the trade-offs households make in allocating their budgets over time to housing and other amenities and provides a first approximation at understanding the differences in households' expenditure patterns and housing decisions across countries. The findings suggest that rather than emphasizing policies that purport to increase expenditures on housing at this stage of development, policy makers in Sub-Saharan Africa should focus on extending access to basic services and strengthening coordination between land use planning and service provision. As incomes increase, this focus would allow households the opportunity to access houses that are equipped with basic infrastructure and help countries move toward better overall quality of housing.

Access To Services --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Housing Markets --- Inclusive Cities --- National Urban Development Policies & Strategies --- National Urban Policies --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy and Planning --- Urban Development --- Urban Housing --- Urban Housing and Land Settlements

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In the increasingly global economy, domestic tax policies have taken on a new importance for international economics. This unique volume compares the tax reform experiences of Canada and the United States, two countries with the world's largest bilateral flow of trade and investment. With the signing of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement and the tax reforms of the 1980's, there has been some harmonization of tax systems. But geographic, cultural, and political characteristics shape distinct national social policies that may impede harmonization. As the U.S. and Canadian economies become even more integrated, differences in tax systems will have important effects, in particular on the relative rates of economic growth. In this timely study, scholars from both countries show that, while the United States and Canada exhibit similar corporate tax structures and income tax systems, they have very different approaches to sales tax and social security taxes. Despite these differences, the two countries generate roughly the same amounts of revenue, produce similar costs of capital, and produce comparable distributions of income.

Taxation --- Canada. --- Canada --- United States --- E-books --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Finance, Public --- Revenue --- Taxation (Canada) --- Droit fiscal --- domestic tax policies, global economy, international economics, reform, canada, united states, investment, free trade agreement, income distribution, wealth gap, economic growth, corporations, sales taxes, social security, revenue, capital, taxation, harmonization, stock prices, policy, aging, retirement, housing markets, nonfiction, government.

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Computational models provide intelligent environmental decision support systems to understand how human decisions are shaped by, and contribute to changes in, the environment. These models provide essential tools to tackle the important issues raised by climate change, including migrations and conflicts due to resource scarcity (e.g., water resources), while accounting for the necessity of co-managing ecosystems across a population of stakeholders with diverse goals. Such socio-environmental systems are characterized by their complexity, which is reflected by an abundance of open questions. This book explores several of these open questions, based on the contributions from over 50 authors. While several books account for methodological developments in modeling socio-environmental systems, our book is unique in combining case studies, methodological innovations, and a holistic approach to training the next generation of modelers. One chapter covers the ontological, epistemological, and ethical issues raised at the intersection of sustainability research and social simulation. In another chapter, we show that the benefits of simulations are not limited to managing complex eco-systems, as they can also serve an educational mission in teaching essential rules and thus improve systems thinking competencies in the broader population.

Technology: general issues --- goal frames --- restoration decision-making rules --- restoration decision-making processes --- mixed qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis --- farmer stakeholders --- Central Malawi --- computer modeling --- human simulation --- social simulation --- sustainability --- development studies --- assemblage theory --- ontology --- epistemology --- ethics --- agent-based modeling --- housing markets --- Urban Shrinkage --- cities --- Detroit --- GIS --- agent-based model --- model development --- IoT sensors --- smart cities --- real-time data --- MARS --- simulation correction --- decision support systems --- urban planning --- multimodal travel --- human responses --- quantitative modeling --- water resources planning --- water availability --- water shortage --- drought --- Congo Basin --- Lake Chad --- climate change --- water --- migrations --- conflicts --- gender --- resilient development --- modeling --- hybrid modeling --- hybrid simulation --- usability --- high school education --- physics education --- user experience --- n/a

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Computational models provide intelligent environmental decision support systems to understand how human decisions are shaped by, and contribute to changes in, the environment. These models provide essential tools to tackle the important issues raised by climate change, including migrations and conflicts due to resource scarcity (e.g., water resources), while accounting for the necessity of co-managing ecosystems across a population of stakeholders with diverse goals. Such socio-environmental systems are characterized by their complexity, which is reflected by an abundance of open questions. This book explores several of these open questions, based on the contributions from over 50 authors. While several books account for methodological developments in modeling socio-environmental systems, our book is unique in combining case studies, methodological innovations, and a holistic approach to training the next generation of modelers. One chapter covers the ontological, epistemological, and ethical issues raised at the intersection of sustainability research and social simulation. In another chapter, we show that the benefits of simulations are not limited to managing complex eco-systems, as they can also serve an educational mission in teaching essential rules and thus improve systems thinking competencies in the broader population.

goal frames --- restoration decision-making rules --- restoration decision-making processes --- mixed qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis --- farmer stakeholders --- Central Malawi --- computer modeling --- human simulation --- social simulation --- sustainability --- development studies --- assemblage theory --- ontology --- epistemology --- ethics --- agent-based modeling --- housing markets --- Urban Shrinkage --- cities --- Detroit --- GIS --- agent-based model --- model development --- IoT sensors --- smart cities --- real-time data --- MARS --- simulation correction --- decision support systems --- urban planning --- multimodal travel --- human responses --- quantitative modeling --- water resources planning --- water availability --- water shortage --- drought --- Congo Basin --- Lake Chad --- climate change --- water --- migrations --- conflicts --- gender --- resilient development --- modeling --- hybrid modeling --- hybrid simulation --- usability --- high school education --- physics education --- user experience --- n/a

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Computational models provide intelligent environmental decision support systems to understand how human decisions are shaped by, and contribute to changes in, the environment. These models provide essential tools to tackle the important issues raised by climate change, including migrations and conflicts due to resource scarcity (e.g., water resources), while accounting for the necessity of co-managing ecosystems across a population of stakeholders with diverse goals. Such socio-environmental systems are characterized by their complexity, which is reflected by an abundance of open questions. This book explores several of these open questions, based on the contributions from over 50 authors. While several books account for methodological developments in modeling socio-environmental systems, our book is unique in combining case studies, methodological innovations, and a holistic approach to training the next generation of modelers. One chapter covers the ontological, epistemological, and ethical issues raised at the intersection of sustainability research and social simulation. In another chapter, we show that the benefits of simulations are not limited to managing complex eco-systems, as they can also serve an educational mission in teaching essential rules and thus improve systems thinking competencies in the broader population.

Technology: general issues --- goal frames --- restoration decision-making rules --- restoration decision-making processes --- mixed qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis --- farmer stakeholders --- Central Malawi --- computer modeling --- human simulation --- social simulation --- sustainability --- development studies --- assemblage theory --- ontology --- epistemology --- ethics --- agent-based modeling --- housing markets --- Urban Shrinkage --- cities --- Detroit --- GIS --- agent-based model --- model development --- IoT sensors --- smart cities --- real-time data --- MARS --- simulation correction --- decision support systems --- urban planning --- multimodal travel --- human responses --- quantitative modeling --- water resources planning --- water availability --- water shortage --- drought --- Congo Basin --- Lake Chad --- climate change --- water --- migrations --- conflicts --- gender --- resilient development --- modeling --- hybrid modeling --- hybrid simulation --- usability --- high school education --- physics education --- user experience --- goal frames --- restoration decision-making rules --- restoration decision-making processes --- mixed qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis --- farmer stakeholders --- Central Malawi --- computer modeling --- human simulation --- social simulation --- sustainability --- development studies --- assemblage theory --- ontology --- epistemology --- ethics --- agent-based modeling --- housing markets --- Urban Shrinkage --- cities --- Detroit --- GIS --- agent-based model --- model development --- IoT sensors --- smart cities --- real-time data --- MARS --- simulation correction --- decision support systems --- urban planning --- multimodal travel --- human responses --- quantitative modeling --- water resources planning --- water availability --- water shortage --- drought --- Congo Basin --- Lake Chad --- climate change --- water --- migrations --- conflicts --- gender --- resilient development --- modeling --- hybrid modeling --- hybrid simulation --- usability --- high school education --- physics education --- user experience