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Long description: The migration of highly skilled individuals brings together two important and well-developed institutional systems: on the one hand, the organization of professions and, on the other hand, the state and its migration and integration regime. Therefore, professional migrants move between two levels of regulation. The first one applies to their specific professional group and regulates the acquisition of knowledge as well as the participation in the labor market. The second one controls the access to and settlement in a given country. Taking the examples of medicine and the information technologies (IT) in Germany and Chile, the present research asks how different institutional settings shape the cultural capital negotiation strategies of highly skilled Latin American migrants. Using Bourdieu’s relational theory and especially his concepts of field and capital, this book seeks to understand professions as fields and to follow the trajectories of highly skilled Latin American migrants within two transnational professional fields. Using a reconstructive praxeological approach, this book presents three typologies, showing how the interaction between (transnational) professional fields and national regulations creates different possibilities for highly skilled migrants to negotiate their capital and the strategies they develop to reach a good position in their host country’s labor market.

Labor market. --- Highly skilled migration.

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Current international standard of care, the HAART, recommended for first line treatment, remains the most effective antiretroviral regimen. But it could be one of the causes of the “inflammaging” process or accelerated frailty in infected patients due to drug-related long-term toxicity. With the aim of reducing toxicity, cost, interactions and improving convenience, several trials have evaluated the efficacy of mono and bi-therapy compared to HAART. There is increasing evidence that simplified regimens may be an effective alternative in maintenance therapy for patients with virological suppression. Whereas some regimens have failed or have been proven to be more dangerous, some have shown non-inferiority compared to HAART, and are currently recommended in some high-income countries guidelines. These include darunavir/r monotherapies and lopinavir/r + lamivudine, atazanavir/r + lamivudine biotherapies. Nevertheless, the usage of these regimens is still limited. They can only be used on selected individuals and require strict adherence and regular monitoring. They have the added benefits of being a simple and inexpensive treatment schedule though are still associated with long-term adverse events and can lead to interactions. Thus, they would not be the perfect treatment for aging patients with comorbidities and who take other drugs. More recent studies have assessed the use of INI, raltegravir and more particularly dolutegravir. Several ongoing trials are investigating dolutegravir-base monotherapy or dual therapy with IP/r and NRTI. If successful, these studies could add potential value by reducing side effects and interactions, and the place/mark of these lightened regimens in AIDS therapy could be further important. À ce jour, le traitement initial standard recommandé mondialement en traitement de !ère ligne, la HAART est le schéma d'antirétroviraux qui reste le plus efficace qui soit. Mais il pourrait être l'une des causes du phénomène « d'inflammaging » ou le vieillissement prématuré des patients, dû à la toxicité sur le long terme des médicaments. Avec pour objectif de diminuer la toxicité, les coûts, les interactions et d'augmenter la commodité, des chercheurs ont évalué l’efficacité de mono et bithérapies par rapport à la HAART. Les preuves montrant que ces régimes simplifiés pourraient être des alternatives efficaces en traitement de relais chez les patients stabilisés sont grandissantes. Si certains se sont révélés inefficaces, voire dangereux, d'autres ont réussi à montrer une efficacité non-inférieure à celle de la HAART et ont désormais une place dans les guidelines des pays à revenu élevé. Il s'agit de monothérapies de darunavir/r et des bithérapies lopinavir/r + lamivudine, atazanavir/r + lamivudine. Néanmoins, cette place reste encore limitée. Ils sont réservés à certains types de patients et imposent une forte compliance et un suivi accru. Ces régimes sont faciles d'usage et permettraient des économies. Mais ils ont tout de même encore un risque de toxicité sur le long terme et mèneraient à des interactions. Ils ne seraient donc pas encore la panacée chez les patients vieillissants ayant des comorbidités et prenant d'autres médicaments en dehors des ARV.Des études plus récentes se concentrent sur l'emploi d'INI, le raltégravir et plus particulièrement sur le dolutégravir. Ce dernier est étudié actuellement dans le cadre de monothérapie ou de bithérapie avec des IP/r et des NRTL Si les études sont concluantes, il pourrait y avoir un gain supplémentaire en matière d'effets secondaires et d'interaction, et la place de ces régimes allégés dans la pharmacothérapie du SIDA pourrait encore augmenter.

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active --- HIV Seropositivity

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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Antiretroviral therapy, highly active --- Hiv --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Antiretroviral therapy, highly active --- Hiv

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Low level radioactive waste disposal facilities. --- Highly enriched uranium.

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Molybdenum --- Highly enriched uranium --- Export controls --- Isotopes --- Law and legislation