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Native mass spectrometry (nMS) coupled to ion mobility (IM-MS) is an analytical strategy for studying biological systems, particularly proteins and peptides, after transferring them to the gas phase. However, can the absence of certain interactions in the gas phase compared to those in solution result in new conformations compared to their native states? Or are ionic conformations kinetically trapped? The aim of this work is to provide some answers to these questions by studying peptides obtained following trypsin digestion of a well-known protein, bovine serum albumin. The peptides derived from this digestion were studied using two separation methods, one in the gas phase (ion mobility) coupled with another in solution (capillary electrophoresis), which also provided information on the structural parameters of the systems studied. Both methods were tested under different conditions (pH, interface between the two methods, ion activation regime) to determine the influence of experimental parameters. After analysis and interpretation of the results, it was found that despite similar conformational distributions between the two phases for the majority of peptides. Some peptides undergo conformational changes after desolvation.
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Fuzzy Logic is a good model for the human ability to compute words. It is based on the theory of fuzzy set. A fuzzy set is different from a classical set because it breaks the Law of the Excluded Middle. In fact, an item may belong to a fuzzy set and its complement at the same time and with the same or different degree of membership. The degree of membership of an item in a fuzzy set can be any real number included between 0 and 1. This property enables us to deal with all those statements of which truths are a matter of degree. Fuzzy logic plays a relevant role in the field of Artificial Intelligence because it enables decision-making in complex situations, where there are many intertwined variables involved. Traditionally, fuzzy logic is implemented through software on a computer or, even better, through analog electronic circuits. Recently, the idea of using molecules and chemical reactions to process fuzzy logic has been promoted. In fact, the molecular word is fuzzy in its essence. The overlapping of quantum states, on the one hand, and the conformational heterogeneity of large molecules, on the other, enable context-specific functions to emerge in response to changing environmental conditions. Moreover, analog input–output relationships, involving not only electrical but also other physical and chemical variables can be exploited to build fuzzy logic systems. The development of “fuzzy chemical systems” is tracing a new path in the field of artificial intelligence. This new path shows that artificially intelligent systems can be implemented not only through software and electronic circuits but also through solutions of properly chosen chemical compounds. The design of chemical artificial intelligent systems and chemical robots promises to have a significant impact on science, medicine, economy, security, and wellbeing. Therefore, it is my great pleasure to announce a Special Issue of Molecules entitled “The Fuzziness in Molecular, Supramolecular, and Systems Chemistry.” All researchers who experience the Fuzziness of the molecular world or use Fuzzy logic to understand Chemical Complex Systems will be interested in this book.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- fuzzy logic --- complexity --- chemical artificial intelligence --- human nervous system --- fuzzy proteins --- conformations --- photochromic compounds --- qubit --- protein dynamics --- conformational heterogeneity --- promiscuity --- fuzzy complexes --- higher-order structures --- protein evolution --- fuzzy set theory --- artificial intelligence --- GCN4 mimetic --- peptides-DNA --- E:Z photoisomerization --- conformational fuzziness --- photoelectrochemistry --- wide bandgap semiconductor --- artificial neuron --- in materio computing --- neuromorphic computing --- intrinsically disordered protein --- intrinsically disordered protein region --- liquid-liquid phase transition --- protein-protein interaction --- protein-nucleic acid interaction --- proteinaceous membrane-less organelle --- fuzzy complex. --- d-TST --- activation energy --- Transitivity plot --- solution kinetic --- Maxwell-Boltzmann path --- Euler's formula for the exponential --- activation --- transitivity --- transport phenomena --- moonlighting proteins --- intrinsically disordered proteins --- metamorphic proteins --- morpheeins --- fuzzy logic --- complexity --- chemical artificial intelligence --- human nervous system --- fuzzy proteins --- conformations --- photochromic compounds --- qubit --- protein dynamics --- conformational heterogeneity --- promiscuity --- fuzzy complexes --- higher-order structures --- protein evolution --- fuzzy set theory --- artificial intelligence --- GCN4 mimetic --- peptides-DNA --- E:Z photoisomerization --- conformational fuzziness --- photoelectrochemistry --- wide bandgap semiconductor --- artificial neuron --- in materio computing --- neuromorphic computing --- intrinsically disordered protein --- intrinsically disordered protein region --- liquid-liquid phase transition --- protein-protein interaction --- protein-nucleic acid interaction --- proteinaceous membrane-less organelle --- fuzzy complex. --- d-TST --- activation energy --- Transitivity plot --- solution kinetic --- Maxwell-Boltzmann path --- Euler's formula for the exponential --- activation --- transitivity --- transport phenomena --- moonlighting proteins --- intrinsically disordered proteins --- metamorphic proteins --- morpheeins
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Fuzzy Logic is a good model for the human ability to compute words. It is based on the theory of fuzzy set. A fuzzy set is different from a classical set because it breaks the Law of the Excluded Middle. In fact, an item may belong to a fuzzy set and its complement at the same time and with the same or different degree of membership. The degree of membership of an item in a fuzzy set can be any real number included between 0 and 1. This property enables us to deal with all those statements of which truths are a matter of degree. Fuzzy logic plays a relevant role in the field of Artificial Intelligence because it enables decision-making in complex situations, where there are many intertwined variables involved. Traditionally, fuzzy logic is implemented through software on a computer or, even better, through analog electronic circuits. Recently, the idea of using molecules and chemical reactions to process fuzzy logic has been promoted. In fact, the molecular word is fuzzy in its essence. The overlapping of quantum states, on the one hand, and the conformational heterogeneity of large molecules, on the other, enable context-specific functions to emerge in response to changing environmental conditions. Moreover, analog input–output relationships, involving not only electrical but also other physical and chemical variables can be exploited to build fuzzy logic systems. The development of “fuzzy chemical systems” is tracing a new path in the field of artificial intelligence. This new path shows that artificially intelligent systems can be implemented not only through software and electronic circuits but also through solutions of properly chosen chemical compounds. The design of chemical artificial intelligent systems and chemical robots promises to have a significant impact on science, medicine, economy, security, and wellbeing. Therefore, it is my great pleasure to announce a Special Issue of Molecules entitled “The Fuzziness in Molecular, Supramolecular, and Systems Chemistry.” All researchers who experience the Fuzziness of the molecular world or use Fuzzy logic to understand Chemical Complex Systems will be interested in this book.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- fuzzy logic --- complexity --- chemical artificial intelligence --- human nervous system --- fuzzy proteins --- conformations --- photochromic compounds --- qubit --- protein dynamics --- conformational heterogeneity --- promiscuity --- fuzzy complexes --- higher-order structures --- protein evolution --- fuzzy set theory --- artificial intelligence --- GCN4 mimetic --- peptides–DNA --- E:Z photoisomerization --- conformational fuzziness --- photoelectrochemistry --- wide bandgap semiconductor --- artificial neuron --- in materio computing --- neuromorphic computing --- intrinsically disordered protein --- intrinsically disordered protein region --- liquid–liquid phase transition --- protein–protein interaction --- protein–nucleic acid interaction --- proteinaceous membrane-less organelle --- fuzzy complex. --- d-TST --- activation energy --- Transitivity plot --- solution kinetic --- Maxwell–Boltzmann path --- Euler’s formula for the exponential --- activation --- transitivity --- transport phenomena --- moonlighting proteins --- intrinsically disordered proteins --- metamorphic proteins --- morpheeins --- n/a --- peptides-DNA --- liquid-liquid phase transition --- protein-protein interaction --- protein-nucleic acid interaction --- Maxwell-Boltzmann path --- Euler's formula for the exponential
Choose an application
Fuzzy Logic is a good model for the human ability to compute words. It is based on the theory of fuzzy set. A fuzzy set is different from a classical set because it breaks the Law of the Excluded Middle. In fact, an item may belong to a fuzzy set and its complement at the same time and with the same or different degree of membership. The degree of membership of an item in a fuzzy set can be any real number included between 0 and 1. This property enables us to deal with all those statements of which truths are a matter of degree. Fuzzy logic plays a relevant role in the field of Artificial Intelligence because it enables decision-making in complex situations, where there are many intertwined variables involved. Traditionally, fuzzy logic is implemented through software on a computer or, even better, through analog electronic circuits. Recently, the idea of using molecules and chemical reactions to process fuzzy logic has been promoted. In fact, the molecular word is fuzzy in its essence. The overlapping of quantum states, on the one hand, and the conformational heterogeneity of large molecules, on the other, enable context-specific functions to emerge in response to changing environmental conditions. Moreover, analog input–output relationships, involving not only electrical but also other physical and chemical variables can be exploited to build fuzzy logic systems. The development of “fuzzy chemical systems” is tracing a new path in the field of artificial intelligence. This new path shows that artificially intelligent systems can be implemented not only through software and electronic circuits but also through solutions of properly chosen chemical compounds. The design of chemical artificial intelligent systems and chemical robots promises to have a significant impact on science, medicine, economy, security, and wellbeing. Therefore, it is my great pleasure to announce a Special Issue of Molecules entitled “The Fuzziness in Molecular, Supramolecular, and Systems Chemistry.” All researchers who experience the Fuzziness of the molecular world or use Fuzzy logic to understand Chemical Complex Systems will be interested in this book.
fuzzy logic --- complexity --- chemical artificial intelligence --- human nervous system --- fuzzy proteins --- conformations --- photochromic compounds --- qubit --- protein dynamics --- conformational heterogeneity --- promiscuity --- fuzzy complexes --- higher-order structures --- protein evolution --- fuzzy set theory --- artificial intelligence --- GCN4 mimetic --- peptides–DNA --- E:Z photoisomerization --- conformational fuzziness --- photoelectrochemistry --- wide bandgap semiconductor --- artificial neuron --- in materio computing --- neuromorphic computing --- intrinsically disordered protein --- intrinsically disordered protein region --- liquid–liquid phase transition --- protein–protein interaction --- protein–nucleic acid interaction --- proteinaceous membrane-less organelle --- fuzzy complex. --- d-TST --- activation energy --- Transitivity plot --- solution kinetic --- Maxwell–Boltzmann path --- Euler’s formula for the exponential --- activation --- transitivity --- transport phenomena --- moonlighting proteins --- intrinsically disordered proteins --- metamorphic proteins --- morpheeins --- n/a --- peptides-DNA --- liquid-liquid phase transition --- protein-protein interaction --- protein-nucleic acid interaction --- Maxwell-Boltzmann path --- Euler's formula for the exponential
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