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Food safety is a matter of great significance for the global population. Therefore, researchers have been developing and validating analytical methods to extract, separate and quantitate a variety of hazardous and nutritional analytes in various food commodities. Due to the complexity of food components, a suitable pretreatment method is required to eliminate matrix effects and lower the detection limit. Afterward, chromatography and mass spectrometry are powerful tools in the guarantee of food safety and quality. This book is the reprint of a Special Issue of Separations, “Advances of Accurate Quantification Methods in Food Analysis”, and provides an overview of recent trends in food analytical methods. Both novel sample pretreatment and detection techniques are covered, with the aim of accurate quantification. This Special Issue received nine contributions that covered the latest analytical methods, and focused on pesticides, mycotoxin, antibiotics, metal ions, organic selenium and anthocyanins.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- Analytical chemistry --- extract-dilute-shoot --- fosetyl-aluminum --- hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography --- wheat flour --- broiler tissue --- orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry --- mycotoxins --- rapid screening --- solid phase extraction --- selenium --- speciation --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- HPLC-ICP-MS --- egg --- aquaculture products --- antibiotic residues --- liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) --- sample pre-treatment --- matrix effects --- QuEChERS --- gas-chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry --- liquid-chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry --- pesticide residues --- cottonseed hull --- raw milk 1 --- pesticides 2 --- screening 3 --- QuEChERS 4 --- high-throughput 5 --- mini solid-phase extraction --- multiclass pesticide residues --- tobacco --- gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry --- arsenic speciation --- rice flour --- ultrasound-assisted extraction --- anthocyanins --- grapes --- UPLC-Q-TOFMS --- QAMS --- n/a

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This book presents an introductory editorial paper and publications referring to current problems and challenges in the field of wastewater treatment. The published articles cover a wide range of topics (reducing the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in biogas and decreasing release of phosphate into a sludge liquor at WWTPs; water ecosystem protection from antibiotics through the use of AOP methods; tertiary wastewater treatment in bio-filtration systems assisted by the addition of hydrogen peroxide to stimulate microbial activity; odor removal using biological methods; the impact of WWTPs on the environment by taking into account energy consumption, noise, and the formation of bioaerosols; and odor nuisances), which show significant progress in the research and implementation of innovative solutions in wastewater treatment technology.

hydrogen peroxide --- high-rate biofiltration --- nitrification --- denitrification --- AOPs --- assessment of ecotoxicity --- fluoroquinolones --- high resolution mass spectrometry --- IC50 --- MIC --- QSAR --- waste ochre --- biogas --- enhanced phosphorus removal --- hydrogen sulfide --- phosphates precipitation --- wastewater treatment plant --- environment --- impact --- life-cycle assessment --- environmental impact assessment --- green building --- environmental management system --- environmental aspects --- wastewater technology --- management tool --- biodegradation --- odors --- H2S --- NH3 --- n/a

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This work is the result of a research collaboration between the laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech of l’Université de Liège (ULg) and the laboratory of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry of the Faculty of Pharmacy of l’Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). The main objective of this Master thesis was to verify the presence or absence of secondary metabolites of Alternaria fungus and more particularly those which are antagonistic to the metabolism of sphingolipids such as fumonisins, AAL toxins and australifungin in cereal samples contaminated with fungi using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The other objective of this work consisted of a more exhaustive search of the constituents extracted from the samples via LC-MS/MS chemometric tools. A metabolic approach was applied to be able to discriminate samples and look for metabolites that differentiate samples from each other. To do this, we started by an optimization of the chromatographic separations method on raw flour extracts. The introduction of an SPE clean-up was also done with a view to a "selective" improvement of the chromatographic profiles. The next step consisted in analyzing australifungin at m/z 409.2585 ± 0.1 [M + H]+ in the raw extracts. Analytical parameters (tR and MS spectrum) obtained from each samples were compared with those of the australifungin standard. On the other hand, the screening for mycotoxins (fumonisins, AAL toxins and others) in the raw and purified extracts was done in a mycotoxin specific database from Agilent Technologies. Finally, the last step of this work was dedicated to the metabolomic approach from raw and purified extracts. Data processing was carried out using the platform « workflow4metabolomics » and the metabolic fingerprints obtained from the different groups of samples were compared to each other. The effect of the SPE clean-up from raw extracts was also investigated. Issue d’une collaboration de recherche entre l’unité de Chimie Analytique de Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech de l’Université de Liège (ULg) et l’unité de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique de la Faculté de Pharmacie de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), ce travail de fin d’études avait pour objectif principal de vérifier la présence ou non des métabolites secondaires de moisissures d’Alternaria et plus particulièrement ceux qui sont antagonistes du métabolisme des sphingolipides tels que les fumonisines, les toxines AAL et l’australifungine dans des échantillons de céréale contaminés par des moisissures par chromatographique liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution et en tandem (LC-HRMS(/MS)). L’autre objectif de ce travail visait une recherche plus exhaustive des constituants extraits des échantillons avec des outils chimiométriques LC-MS/MS. Une approche métabolique qui permettrait de discriminer les échantillons et rechercher les métabolites qui font la différence entre échantillons. Pour ce faire, nous avons débuté par une optimisation de la méthode de séparation chromatographique des extraits bruts de farine. L’introduction d’un clean-up SPE a également été envisagée dans l’optique d’une amélioration « sélective » des profils chromatographiques. Dans un second temps, nous avons procédé à une analyse ciblée à m/z 409,2585 ± 0,1 [M+H]+ de l’autralifungine dans les extraits bruts en comparant les paramètres analytiques (tR et spectre de MS) des pics des échantillons avec ceux du standard d’australifungine. Par contre, la recherche des mycotoxines (fumonisines, toxines AAL et autres) a été réalisée sur les extraits purifiés en LC-MS dans une base de données spécifique de mycotoxines d’Agilent Technologies. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, nous avons appliqué une approche métabolomique à des extraits bruts et purifiés. Le traitement des données a été réalisé par la plateforme « workflow4metabolomics » et les empreintes métaboliques obtenues des différents groupes d’échantillons ont été comparées entre-elles. L’évaluation de l’effet de la purification « clean-up » SPE des extraits bruts a également été réalisée.

Mycotoxins – Alternaria Secondary Metabolites – Australifungin – Fumonisins – AAL toxins – Sphingolipids - Metabolomics – Liquid Chromatography / High Resolution Mass Spectrometry – SPE clean-up --- Mycotoxines - Métabolites secondaires d’Alternaria - Australifungine - Fumonisines - Toxines AAL - Sphingolipides - Métabolomique - Chromatographique liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution et en tandem – Clean-up SPE --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie

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This Book of Toxins comprises 11 original contributions and one review. New findings regarding presence of mycotoxins in aromatic and medicinal plants, mango and orange juice, juices, pulps, jams, and beer, from Morocco, Pakistan, and Portugal are reported. In these studies, innovative techniques to study their presence has been developed, including liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry to analyse mycotoxins and conjugated mycotoxins. Novel strategies to detect mycotoxin presence and comparisons the characteristics of a rapid quantitative analysis of different mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone) are also presented using acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases and photobacterial strains of luminescent cells. Additionally, toxicological effects of zearalenone metabolites and beauvericin on SH-SY5Y neuronal cells are presented. One important point in the control of mycotoxins is related to decontaminated strategies, and in this sense the efficacy of potentially probiotic fruit-derived Lactobacillus isolates in removing aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is presented. Other mycotoxin decontaminated techniques included in this book are electron beam irradiation (EBI) and degradation of zearalenone and ochratoxin A using ozone. Finally, a review that summarizes the newly discovered macrocyclic trichothecenes and their bioactivities over the last decade is included.The evaluation of the presence of mycotoxins in different matrices is achieved through different analytical tools (including quantitative or qualitative determinations). Studies of mycotoxin isolation, using chromatographyc equipment coupled to spectrometry detectors (QTrap-MS/MS, MS/MS tandem, QTOF-MS/MS), are the most useful tools to control their presence. All these studies represent key steps in the establishment of the limits of detection, limits of quantification, points of identification, accuracy, reproducibility, and repeatability of different procedures. The maximum permitted or recommended levels for mycotoxins in different matrices are within a wide range (including the levels tolerated by infants and animals). In addition, decontaminated strategies, as well as control and evaluation of exposure, are demanded by authorities and food safety systems.

Medicine --- patulin --- mango --- orange --- fruit-derived products --- food safety --- regulatory limits --- chitosan --- mycotoxins --- detoxification --- LC-MS/MS --- optimization --- Destruxins --- Bombyx mori --- BmArgRS --- BmLamin-C --- RNA helicase --- binding protein --- ozone --- electron beam irradiation --- degradation --- zearalenone --- ochratoxin A --- SH-SY5Y cells --- zearalenone derivates --- beauvericin --- MTT --- qTOF–MS/MS --- beer --- immunoaffinity clean-up --- LC-FD --- human risk assessment --- Enniatin B1 --- biomonitoring --- in vivo --- metabolomics --- high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) --- macrocyclic trichothecenes --- bioactivities --- putative biosynthetic pathway --- macrocycle formation --- entomopathogens --- mycoinsecticides --- secondary metabolites --- insect pathogenesis --- acetamiprid accumulation --- aflatoxin M1 --- Lactobacillus --- probiotics --- binding --- bioluminescent bacteria --- immobilized cells --- cholinesterase-based analysis --- analytical characteristics --- enzymatic detoxification --- co-occurrence --- Q-TOF-LC/MS --- exposure --- Morocco --- n/a --- qTOF-MS/MS

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How many times have we thought with concern about the possible contamination of food? Pollution, agricultural treatments, technological treatments, and packaging are the best-known human sources of toxic substances as food contaminants. The present book contains 11 original research papers representing various approaches of identifying and measuring toxic residues in food materials. The analytical determination of food contaminants is an indispensable tool in characterizing the adverse effects and unexpected toxicity related to food intake. No risk assessment would be possible without data from the analysis of food contaminants. This Special Issue is an interesting overview of recent methods and is highly representative of a broad worldwide outline, collecting authors from ten different countries and four continents. Very different toxics are described, from volatile organic compounds to heavy metals and from highly polar chemicals to classical organic contaminants. A wide range of analytical techniques are portrayed, including sample preparation and clean-up methodologies, classical chromatographic and hyphenated spectroscopies, and the latest high-resolution mass spectrometry applications. The presented works consider a varied selection of foods: the studied matrices are meat, fishery products, fruits, and miscellaneous beverages.

Medicine --- furfuryl alcohol --- β-myrcene --- carcinogens --- occurrence --- blueberries --- lingonberries --- rose hips --- aluminium --- cadmium --- chromium --- nickel --- lead --- provisional tolerable intake --- perfluorooctane sulfonate --- perfluorooctane acid --- PFOS --- PFOA --- mediterranean fish --- toxicological risk --- high-resolution mass spectrometry --- Orbitrap --- structure elucidation --- pesticide residue analysis --- matcha --- conazole fungicides --- pressurized solvent extraction --- phthalate --- non-alcoholic beverages --- liquid-liquid extraction --- response surface methodology --- GC-MS/MS --- coffee --- acrylamide --- furan --- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural --- risk assessment --- magnetic stirring assisted demulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction --- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons --- grilled pork --- high performance liquid chromatography --- infant formulae --- infant foods --- minerals --- toxic metals --- hydroxymethylfurfural --- storage conditions --- safety --- breast milk --- antibiotic residues --- pesticide residues --- LC-MS/MS --- mass spectrometry methods --- fishery product --- hydrogen peroxide --- illicit treatment