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From an evolutionary perspective, our species has relied upon physical activity for most of its history to survive and has had to escape from predators, to scavenge for food, and to use physique to work or build necessary means for everyday life. Physical activity has been part of our evolution and progress since the very beginning and, consequently, our entire body has been programmed to be active physically. In the last 20 years, scientific research has increasingly shown that our ancient survival principle has beneficial effects not only on the cells and organs involved in physical activities but on the metabolism of the entire organism, influencing the homeostasis and integration of all bodily functions, likely stimulating the production of hormones and other regulatory molecules, with each affecting vital signalling pathways. Most of the web of factors involved in molecular signalling upon exercise are suspected to be centrally controlled by the brain, which has been reported to be deeply modified by physical activity. Such complexity requires a multifaceted approach to shed light on the molecular interactions that occur between physical activity and its outcome at a cellular level.

TFRC --- single nucleotide polymorphism --- high-density lipoprotein --- blood cell counts --- epigenetics --- intestinal microbiome --- iron metabolism --- Irisin --- exercise and health --- healthy lifestyle --- physical exercise --- single nucleotide polymorphisms --- Taiwan biobank --- obesity --- glucokinase-regulator --- ?-actinin --- body mass index --- hepatic lipase --- Taiwan Biobank --- genotyping --- myokines --- DNA-methylation --- NK --- brain health --- gene expression --- ferritin --- exercise and aging --- exercise --- endurance --- antihypertensive therapy --- genetics --- gut microbiome --- ketogenic diet --- inflammation --- PCBP1 --- PCBP2 --- marathon runners --- natural killer cell --- behavior --- aerobic exercise --- exercise and neurodegeneration --- BDNF --- gut microbiota --- physical activity --- performance --- lactate --- sport --- ketogenic diet and fat --- body fat

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary artery disease, heart disease, arrhythmias, and other types of vascular diseases, is one of the leading causes of death around the world. It is estimated that approximately half of the variabilities of CVD appear to be attributed to genetics. Therefore, the other half of them have been attributed to acquired factors, including diet. It is of note that even a genetic predisposition to CVD can be canceled out by a healthy lifestyle. In this regard, it is important to acknowledge that acquired factors, including diet, are causally associated with CVD. Based on these facts, important papers are presented in this Special Issue entitled “The Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Disease, and Blood Vessels”.

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids --- cardiovascular risk estimates --- cardiovascular diseases --- biomarkers --- cardiovascular risk factors --- fish --- n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid --- cardiovascular disease mortality --- meta-analysis --- prospective cohort studies --- body mass index --- obesity --- underweight --- ischemic stroke --- hemorrhagic stroke --- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) --- cholesterol uptake capacity (CUC) --- phospholipids (PL) --- trans-fatty acids (TFA) --- elaidic acid --- lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) --- aortic stiffness --- fructose --- glucose --- hypertension --- left ventricular diastolic dysfunction --- pulse wave velocity --- renal resistive index --- cardiovascular health --- atrial fibrillation --- Japanese --- sarcopenia --- heart failure --- trimethylamine-N-oxide --- inflammatory mediators --- choline --- L-carnitine --- n/a

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Calcium is the main mineral in the body, involved in a variety of structural and functional roles. The maintenance of calcium homeostasis is perhaps the most studied function of vitamin D. This Special Issue of Nutrients, “Calcium, Vitamin D and Health” contains 12 original publications and two reviews investigating the contribution of (mainly) vitamin D and calcium on relevant health outcomes in a variety of populations, which reflect the evolving and broad interest of researchers on this topic.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- Vitamin D --- females --- exercise --- sedentary lifestyle --- nutrition --- elderly --- vitamin D --- depression --- depressive symptoms --- Mendelian randomization --- cyclists --- adolescence --- bone turnover --- osteocalcin --- dietary calcium intake --- adolescent boys --- adiposity --- percentage of body fat --- insulin resistance --- adipocytokines --- type 1 diabetes --- type 2 diabetes --- metabolic syndrome --- autoimmune --- children --- cancer --- vitamin D metabolites --- vitamin D supplementation --- vitamin D metabolite ratio --- randomized controlled trial --- 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D --- calcitriol --- body mass index --- lean mass --- fat mass --- bone mineral density --- postmenopausal women --- obesity --- macronutrients --- sunlight --- physical activity --- season --- body composition --- strength --- bone health --- mediation --- childhood --- enriched food --- child --- cholecalciferol --- ergocalciferols --- dairy products --- multiple sclerosis --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- vitamin D binding protein --- hypovitaminosis D --- 25-hydroxyvitamin D --- postherpetic neuralgia --- spontaneous pain --- brush-evoked pain --- varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin --- DN4questionnaire --- vitamin D deficiency --- vitamin D supplements --- weight loss --- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol --- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol --- triglycerides (TG) --- blood pressure --- n/a --- athletic performance --- 25(OH)D --- supplementation --- deficiency --- athlete

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Calcium is the main mineral in the body, involved in a variety of structural and functional roles. The maintenance of calcium homeostasis is perhaps the most studied function of vitamin D. This Special Issue of Nutrients, “Calcium, Vitamin D and Health” contains 12 original publications and two reviews investigating the contribution of (mainly) vitamin D and calcium on relevant health outcomes in a variety of populations, which reflect the evolving and broad interest of researchers on this topic.

Vitamin D --- females --- exercise --- sedentary lifestyle --- nutrition --- elderly --- vitamin D --- depression --- depressive symptoms --- Mendelian randomization --- cyclists --- adolescence --- bone turnover --- osteocalcin --- dietary calcium intake --- adolescent boys --- adiposity --- percentage of body fat --- insulin resistance --- adipocytokines --- type 1 diabetes --- type 2 diabetes --- metabolic syndrome --- autoimmune --- children --- cancer --- vitamin D metabolites --- vitamin D supplementation --- vitamin D metabolite ratio --- randomized controlled trial --- 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D --- calcitriol --- body mass index --- lean mass --- fat mass --- bone mineral density --- postmenopausal women --- obesity --- macronutrients --- sunlight --- physical activity --- season --- body composition --- strength --- bone health --- mediation --- childhood --- enriched food --- child --- cholecalciferol --- ergocalciferols --- dairy products --- multiple sclerosis --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- vitamin D binding protein --- hypovitaminosis D --- 25-hydroxyvitamin D --- postherpetic neuralgia --- spontaneous pain --- brush-evoked pain --- varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin --- DN4questionnaire --- vitamin D deficiency --- vitamin D supplements --- weight loss --- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol --- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol --- triglycerides (TG) --- blood pressure --- n/a --- athletic performance --- 25(OH)D --- supplementation --- deficiency --- athlete

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Dyslipidemia, and particularly hypercholesterolemia, remains a main cardiovascular disease risk factor, partly reversible with the improvement of life-style, including dietary, habits. Even when a pharmacological treatment is begun, dietary support to lipid-lowering is always desired. This book will provide a selection of new evidence on the possible lipid-lowering effects of some dietary and medicinal plant components, reporting some interesting reviews, experimental data and results from clinical trials. The book is adapted for experts in nutrition but also for all scientists involved in cardiovascular disease prevention.

Public health & preventive medicine --- beta-glucan --- fiber --- lipid profile --- cholesterol --- intestinal function --- green tea --- epigallocatechin gallate --- chitosan --- microspheres --- Eudragit --- metabolic diseases --- LCD score --- CHNS --- dyslipidemia --- dietary factor --- plant based --- animal based --- Chinese adults --- nutraceuticals --- PCSK9 --- SREBP --- HNF1α --- berberine --- metabolic syndrome --- plant extracts --- natural antioxidant --- polyphenols --- bergamot --- blackcurrant --- liver steatosis --- ovariectomized --- phytoestrogen --- vitamin B12 --- healthy --- Saudi Arabia --- serum cholesterol --- serum triglycerides --- serum low density lipoprotein --- serum high density lipoprotein --- dietary intake --- lifestyle --- black raspberry --- excessive choline --- TMAO --- hypercholesterolemia --- hepatic inflammation --- review --- CVD --- cardiovascular health --- dietary fats --- dietary fiber --- phytosterols --- plant-based diet --- dietary pattern --- sustainability --- propolis --- formononetin --- gastric ulcer --- rats --- Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat leaves --- obesity --- lipidomics --- liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry --- phospholipid --- sphingolipid --- monacolins --- LDL-cholesterol --- red yeast rice --- clinical trial --- endothelial function --- alpha-linolenic acid --- flaxseed --- lipids --- omega-3 --- walnuts --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- glibenclamide --- omega-3 fatty acids --- high fat diet --- transcription factors --- streptozotocin --- Armolipid Plus® --- nutraceutical --- supplementation --- blood pressure --- fasting plasma glucose --- beta-glucan --- fiber --- lipid profile --- cholesterol --- intestinal function --- green tea --- epigallocatechin gallate --- chitosan --- microspheres --- Eudragit --- metabolic diseases --- LCD score --- CHNS --- dyslipidemia --- dietary factor --- plant based --- animal based --- Chinese adults --- nutraceuticals --- PCSK9 --- SREBP --- HNF1α --- berberine --- metabolic syndrome --- plant extracts --- natural antioxidant --- polyphenols --- bergamot --- blackcurrant --- liver steatosis --- ovariectomized --- phytoestrogen --- vitamin B12 --- healthy --- Saudi Arabia --- serum cholesterol --- serum triglycerides --- serum low density lipoprotein --- serum high density lipoprotein --- dietary intake --- lifestyle --- black raspberry --- excessive choline --- TMAO --- hypercholesterolemia --- hepatic inflammation --- review --- CVD --- cardiovascular health --- dietary fats --- dietary fiber --- phytosterols --- plant-based diet --- dietary pattern --- sustainability --- propolis --- formononetin --- gastric ulcer --- rats --- Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat leaves --- obesity --- lipidomics --- liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry --- phospholipid --- sphingolipid --- monacolins --- LDL-cholesterol --- red yeast rice --- clinical trial --- endothelial function --- alpha-linolenic acid --- flaxseed --- lipids --- omega-3 --- walnuts --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- glibenclamide --- omega-3 fatty acids --- high fat diet --- transcription factors --- streptozotocin --- Armolipid Plus® --- nutraceutical --- supplementation --- blood pressure --- fasting plasma glucose