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Butterflies --- Monitoring --- Southern Headwaters At Risk Project (SHARP) --- Wildlife conservation --- Alberta --- Alberta, Southern

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Forest ecology --- Headwaters Forest Reserve (Calif.) --- Fortuna (Calif.) --- Description and travel --- History

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The city of eThekwini or Durban has undergone a period of rapid urbanization that has contributed to the degradation of the city's natural environment. Climate change is placing further strains on the city's ability to manage the urban environment. The urban environmental profile of eThekwini has been prepared as the first component of the assignment promoting green urban development in Africa: enhancing the relationship between urbanization, environmental assets and ecosystem services, a project being conducted under the leadership of the World Bank. An overall objective of this project is to link the study of urban environmental issues with the advancement of more sustainable urban growth. The profile summarizes the existing quality of the terrestrial and other aquatic environmental assets, identifies the key drivers that are the cause of their vulnerability, and describes the key institutional challenges and constraining factors that limit the city's ability to address environmental management challenges. Identification of the key environmental assets and key drivers of environmental degradation within the city required a more comprehensive review of reports on urban planning and infrastructure services. The urban environmental profile is organized as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two, eThekwini context, sets the background, and context of the study of Durban, providing an overview of the impacts of urbanization and climate change and drawing the link to the urban environment. Section three, quality of the environmental assets of eThekwini describes the state of the key environmental assets of eThekwini: the terrestrial assets, aquatic assets, coastal assets, and the air, and attempts to infer the associated historic and current trends. Section four, drivers of environmental vulnerability and degradation describes the key issues that are driving degradation, the impacts caused, and the reason for these challenges. Section five, institutional issues and challenges describes the key factors that constrain the eThekwini's ability to effectively address environmental management challenges. Section six, key findings provides a synthesis of key findings of the study.

Agriculture --- Analysis --- Biodiversity --- City Development Strategies --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Conservation --- Crops --- Dams --- Data Collection --- Decentralization --- Drainage --- Ecosystems --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Environmental Regulation --- Erosion --- Floods --- Forests --- Freshwater --- Grasslands --- Groundwater --- Headwaters --- Housing --- Invasive Species --- Land --- Land Management --- Mangroves --- National Parks --- Plantations --- Plants --- Pollutants --- Public Health --- Public Sector Governance --- Rainfall --- Reservoirs --- Runoff --- Storms --- Urban Development --- Water Conservation --- Water Resources --- Wetlands

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This book was inspired by the Hydrology–H030 Session of the 2019 AGU (America Geophysical Union) Fall Meeting. In recent years, simulating potential future vulnerability and sustainability of water resources due to climate change are mainly focused on global and regional scale watersheds by using climate change scenarios. These scenarios may have low resolution and may not be accurate for local watersheds. This book addresses the impacts of climate change upon water quantity and quality at small scale watersheds. Emphases are on climate-induced water resource vulnerabilities (e.g., flood, drought, groundwater depletion, evapotranspiration, and water pollution) and methodologies (e.g., computer modeling, field measurement, and management practice) employed to mitigation and adapt climate change impacts on water resources. Application implications to local water resource management are also discussed in this book.

GCM --- bias correction methods --- hydrological simulation --- climate change --- IRES --- OM --- DOC --- POC --- ephemeral stream --- event sampling --- headwaters --- tailwater recovery ditch --- AnnAGNPS --- BMP --- asymmetric warming --- normalized difference vegetation index --- second-order partial correlation analysis --- day and nighttime warming --- diurnal temperature range --- cottonwood --- sap flux --- STELLA --- vapor pressure deficit --- water year type --- hydrological drought --- adaptive strategies --- Central Valley --- streamflow --- SWAT model --- CNRM-CM5 --- CESM1-BGC.1 --- HADGEM2-AO.1 --- Alabama River Basin --- GRACE --- GGDI --- drought --- wavelet coherence --- teleconnections --- water model --- energy model --- climate scenario --- Nile River Basin --- perception --- adaptation --- irrigation water quality --- agriculture --- smallholder farmers --- Ethiopia Rift Valley --- vulnerability assessment --- Indian Himalayas --- springs --- springshed management --- water security --- n/a

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Land surface phenology (LSP) uses remote sensing to monitor seasonal dynamics in vegetated land surfaces and retrieve phenological metrics (transition dates, rate of change, annual integrals, etc.). LSP has developed rapidly in the last few decades. Both regional and global LSP products have been routinely generated and play prominent roles in modeling crop yield, ecological surveillance, identifying invasive species, modeling the terrestrial biosphere, and assessing impacts on urban and natural ecosystems. Recent advances in field and spaceborne sensor technologies, as well as data fusion techniques, have enabled novel LSP retrieval algorithms that refine retrievals at even higher spatiotemporal resolutions, providing new insights into ecosystem dynamics. Meanwhile, rigorous assessment of the uncertainties in LSP retrievals is ongoing, and efforts to reduce these uncertainties represent an active research area. Open source software and hardware are in development, and have greatly facilitated the use of LSP metrics by scientists outside the remote sensing community. This reprint covers the latest developments in sensor technologies, LSP retrieval algorithms and validation strategies, and the use of LSP products in a variety of fields. It aims to summarize the ongoing diverse LSP developments and boost discussions on future research prospects.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- climate change --- digital camera --- MODIS --- Mongolian oak --- phenology --- sap flow --- urbanization --- plant phenology --- spatiotemporal patterns --- structural equation model --- Google Earth Engine --- Three-River Headwaters region --- GPP --- carbon cycle --- arctic --- photosynthesis --- remote sensing --- crop sowing date --- development stage --- yield gap --- yield potential --- process-based model --- land surface temperature --- urban heat island effect --- contribution --- Hangzhou --- land surface phenology --- NDVI --- spatiotemporal dynamics --- different drivers --- random forest model --- data suitability --- satellite data --- spatial scaling effects --- the Loess Plateau --- autumn phenology --- turning point --- climate changes --- human activities --- Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau --- snow phenology --- driving factors --- spatiotemporal variations --- Northeast China --- vegetation indexes --- seasonally dry tropical forest --- vegetation phenology --- climatic limitation --- solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence --- enhanced vegetation index --- gross primary production --- evapotranspiration --- water use efficiency --- NDPI --- Qilian Mountains --- snow cover --- high elevation --- soil moisture --- vegetation dynamics --- carbon exchange --- n/a