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Nowadays, renewable energy sources take a larger share in energy production. The power systems encounter a significant turn because of the growth of renewable energy sources, which brings more power electronics into the grid. For instance, modern wind farms are equipped with full converter wind turbines to ensure a higher energy yield. Furthermore, HVDC links, equipped with power electronic converters, have become popular because of their controllability and are installed in various power systems. The power electronic converters replace the synchronous machines, and instabilities at higher frequencies may now occur. It thus has led to a reshape in the classification of power system stability.
Wind turbines are placed where the wind potential is the highest. They are grouped in wind parks which concentrate a large amount of active power production. Variations in wind speeds thus lead to rapid changes in the loading of the system, which may jeopardize its stability.

This thesis aims at assessing the stability of a system mainly composed of power electronic converters. A fictitious network is tested under various scenarios, and solutions are proposed to ensure a secure system for the different tests realized. The simulation tool used applies the phasor approximation method, therefore, the fast interactions that may occur between the converters and the network are not analyzed here.

The thesis is divided into five parts. The first part introduces the stability issues encountered in a power system mainly composed of power electronics. It also describes the classification of wind events and their intensity. The second part illustrates the network studied and the modeling of the converters. It highlights their different control modes. The third part focuses on wind events and their impact on the stability of the system. The evolution of the voltages is studied for two different wind events: the Ramping event and the Storm event. Those events are combined with operations on HVDC links. Their active power productions are changed according to the rules of the energy market. Solutions are proposed to mitigate the impact of those events on the network voltages. The fourth part focuses on transmission outages. Solutions are proposed to ensure a secure system after the incident occurred. Finally, the last part describes the necessity of having grid forming converters in the system. It shows the evolution of voltage phasors for the system with and without a grid forming converter. Finally, an overall conclusion is drawn.

renewable energy sources --- power systems --- system stability --- offshore wind parks --- HVDC links --- grid forming converter --- grid following converter --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie électrique & électronique

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Dynamic stability basically deals with the interactions between the system's components. Following a disturbance, the system's variables undergo transitions that can induce oscillations in active and reactive power generation, resulting in the occurrence of voltage oscillatory modes and frequency deviation in the system. Depending on the entity of the disturbance, the small- or large-signal stability of the system under consideration can be investigated. The introduction of RES-based generation that does not participate in the network services (i.e., frequency and voltage regulation) due to lack of special controls will undoubtedly affect both the overall frequency and voltage stability. Large-scale transient stability is also a concern not to be overlooked: inverter-based wind and solar generation have different angle/speed swing behaviors with respect to traditional generation due to reduced inertia, different voltage swing behaviors due to different voltage control systems, different power flow patterns, and different displacements of synchronous generation at key locations. Therefore, although power system stability and dynamics have played a very central role in the management and study of electrical power systems thus far, it is also true that the emerging scenario requires new methodologies, technologies, and analyses. In this light, the current Special Issue aims to collect contributions (i.e., research papers and review articles) on power system dynamics and stability from experts in academia and industry.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- power system stability --- inertia estimation --- PMU --- microgrids --- frequency control --- grid-forming --- 100% converter-interfaced generation --- virtual synchronous machine --- forced oscillation --- inverter-based resources (IBRs) --- grid vulnerability analysis --- active power modulation --- virtual inertia --- fast frequency measurement --- fast frequency regulation --- distributed energy resources --- ancillary services --- power hardware-in-the-loop --- legacy resources --- large perturbation angle stability --- small perturbation angle stability --- voltage stability --- synthetic inertia --- demand response --- reactive compensation --- power system restoration --- primary frequency control --- frequency nadir estimation --- low inertia systems --- real-time dynamic simulation --- national power grid --- cyber physical system (CPS) --- co-simulation --- battery energy storage system (BESS) --- energy management system (EMS) --- load modelling --- line modelling --- power system analysis --- transient stability --- small-signal stability --- inverter-based resources --- modular multilevel converters --- primary frequency regulation --- battery energy storage system --- Ornstein–Uhlenbeck stochastic process --- compound poisson stochastic process --- frequency stability --- rotor angle stability --- power system inertia --- converter-interfaced generation --- renewable power generators

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This Special Issue will include papers related to the planning, protection, and control of smart grids and microgrids, and their applications in the industry, transportation, water, waste, and urban and residential infrastructures. Authors are encouraged to present their latest research; reviews on topics including methods, approaches, systems, and technology; and interfaces to other domains such as big data, cybersecurity, human–machine, sustainability, and smart cities. The planning side of microgrids might include technology selection, scheduling, interconnected microgrids, and their integration with regional energy infrastructures. The protection side of microgrids might include topics related to protection strategies, risk management, protection technologies, abnormal scenario assessments, equipment and system protection layers, fault diagnosis, validation and verification, and intelligent safety systems. The control side of smart grids and microgrids might include control strategies, intelligent control algorithms and systems, control architectures, technologies, embedded systems, monitoring, and deployment and implementation.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- hybrid power plant --- off-grid electricity systems --- model-based design --- state-space model --- voltage stability --- frequency stability --- small-signal analysis --- control tuning --- controller validation --- critical clearing times --- diesel generators --- grid-feeding photovoltaics --- grid-forming battery storage systems --- stand-alone hybrid microgrids --- system stability degree --- the micro-hybrid method --- transient stability assessment --- power flow control --- power fluctuations --- renewable energy sources --- demand uncertainty --- augmenting path --- renewable energy --- microgrids --- simulation --- optimization --- battery energy storage system --- economic dispatch problem --- nonlinear programming formulation --- optimal reallocation of batteries --- mathematical optimization --- battery swap station --- charging station --- demand management --- demand response --- electric vehicle --- electricity markets --- power quality --- Vehicle-to-Grid --- smart grid --- power system --- distributed generation --- micro-grid --- load flow --- measurement uncertainties --- Isolated/Islanded Microgrids --- planning --- operation --- Demand-Side Management --- Microgrid --- DER --- MILP --- run-time --- full time-series optimization --- data reduction --- DER-CAM --- XENDEE --- DC microgrid --- power conditioner system --- scalable microgrid

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In the first decades of the current millennium, the contribution of photovoltaic and wind energy systems to power generation capacity has grown extraordinarily all around the world; in some countries, these systems have become two of the most relevant sources to meet the needs of energy supply. This Special Issue deals with all aspects of the development, implementation, and exploitation of systems and installations that operate with both sources of energy.

wind energy conversion system --- distributed control --- battery energy storage system --- consensus algorithm --- photovoltaic --- voltage stability --- grid capacity --- penetration level --- frequency stability --- Egypt’s national grid --- renewable energies --- photovoltaic (PV) --- energy challenge --- policy options --- technological development --- market development --- battery storage --- concentrated solar power (CSP), installed capacity --- solar energy resources --- solar thermal plants --- thermal energy storage (TES) --- maximum power point (MPP) --- maximum power point tracking (MPPT) --- perturbe and observe (P&amp --- O) --- incremental conductance (IC) --- off-shore wind farms --- wind farm aggregation --- admittance model order reduction --- HVDC diode rectifiers --- grid-forming wind turbines --- efficiency improvement --- photovoltaic inverters --- parallel inverters --- wind turbine emulator --- wind turbine energy systems --- photovoltaics --- two-stage grid-connected PV inverters --- reduced DC-link --- sensorless MPPT

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This book is a collection of papers covering various aspects of the optimal control of power and energy production from renewable resources (wind, PV, biomass, hydrogen, etc.). In particular, attention is focused both on the optimal control of new technologies and on their integration in buildings, microgrids, and energy markets. The examples presented in this book are among the most promising technologies for satisfying an increasing share of thermal and electrical demands with renewable sources: from solar cooling plants to offshore wind generation; hybrid plants, combining traditional and renewable sources, are also considered, as well as traditional and innovative storage systems. Innovative solutions for transportation systems are also explored for both railway infrastructures and advanced light rail vehicles. The optimization and control of new solutions for the power network are addressed in detail: specifically, special attention is paid to microgrids as new paradigms for distribution networks, but also in other applications (e.g., shipboards). Finally, optimization and simulation models within SCADA and energy management systems are considered. This book is intended for engineers, researchers, and practitioners that work in the field of energy, smart grid, renewable resources, and their optimization and control.

History of engineering & technology --- fuel cell --- power control --- multi-objective optimization --- equivalent consumption minimization strategy --- firefly algorithm --- hybrid light rail vehicle --- solar energy --- Fresnel collector --- model predictive control --- fuzzy algorithm --- hybrid systems --- shipboard microgrids --- photovoltaic (PV) systems --- energy storage technologies --- microgrids --- hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) --- floating offshore wind turbine --- aerodynamic platform stabiliser --- wave rejection --- feedback loop --- control --- optimisation --- energy storage --- pumped storage hydro --- ternary pumped storage hydro --- dynamic simulation --- dynamic modeling --- inertia --- renewable energy --- power system --- primary control --- BESS --- microgrid --- Grid Forming --- Grid Support --- Inverter Control --- DIgSILENT PowerFactory --- EMT simulations --- eco-friendliness --- smart railway --- smart electrical infrastructure --- control algorithm --- regenerative braking energy --- smart grid --- optimization --- energy management system --- interconnected buildings --- renewable resources --- multi-level --- aggregator --- wind-diesel power plant --- intelligent control system --- diesel-generator set --- internal combustion engine --- artificial neural network --- fuel economy --- co-simulation --- SCADA --- operator training --- building energy management system --- simulation --- equivalent electric circuit --- fuel cell --- power control --- multi-objective optimization --- equivalent consumption minimization strategy --- firefly algorithm --- hybrid light rail vehicle --- solar energy --- Fresnel collector --- model predictive control --- fuzzy algorithm --- hybrid systems --- shipboard microgrids --- photovoltaic (PV) systems --- energy storage technologies --- microgrids --- hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) --- floating offshore wind turbine --- aerodynamic platform stabiliser --- wave rejection --- feedback loop --- control --- optimisation --- energy storage --- pumped storage hydro --- ternary pumped storage hydro --- dynamic simulation --- dynamic modeling --- inertia --- renewable energy --- power system --- primary control --- BESS --- microgrid --- Grid Forming --- Grid Support --- Inverter Control --- DIgSILENT PowerFactory --- EMT simulations --- eco-friendliness --- smart railway --- smart electrical infrastructure --- control algorithm --- regenerative braking energy --- smart grid --- optimization --- energy management system --- interconnected buildings --- renewable resources --- multi-level --- aggregator --- wind-diesel power plant --- intelligent control system --- diesel-generator set --- internal combustion engine --- artificial neural network --- fuel economy --- co-simulation --- SCADA --- operator training --- building energy management system --- simulation --- equivalent electric circuit