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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have already become an affordable and cost-efficient tool to quickly map a targeted area for many emerging applications in the arena of ecological monitoring and biodiversity conservation. Managers, owners, companies, and scientists are using professional drones equipped with high-resolution visible, multispectral, or thermal cameras to assess the state of ecosystems, the effect of disturbances, or the dynamics and changes within biological communities inter alia. We are now at a tipping point on the use of drones for these type of applications over natural areas. UAV missions are increasing but most of them are testing applicability. It is time now to move to frequent revisiting missions, aiding in the retrieval of important biophysical parameters in ecosystems or mapping species distributions. This Special Issue shows UAV applications contributing to a better understanding of biodiversity and ecosystem status, threats, changes, and trends. It documents the enhancement of knowledge in ecological integrity parameters mapping, long-term ecological monitoring based on drones, mapping of alien species spread and distribution, upscaling ecological variables from drone to satellite images: methods and approaches, rapid risk and disturbance assessment using drones, mapping albedo with UAVs, wildlife tracking, bird colony and chimpanzee nest mapping, habitat mapping and monitoring, and a review on drones for conservation in protected areas.

Pinus nigra --- unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) --- biological conservation --- precision --- flight altitude --- accuracy --- multiscale approach --- low-cost UAV --- LTER --- small UAV --- ecological monitoring --- Sequoia --- long-term monitoring --- albedo --- image processing --- vegetation indices --- Tanzania --- ground-truth --- Sentinel-2 --- biodiversity threats --- field experiments --- effective management --- great apes --- drone --- ecological integrity --- multispectral --- rice crops --- conservation --- protected areas --- survey --- response surface --- aerial survey --- bird censuses --- multispectral mapping --- drones --- UAS --- hyperspectral --- UAV --- random forest --- Pinus sylvestris --- NDVI --- UAVs --- Parrot Sequoia --- supervised classification --- drone mapping --- RPAS --- greenness index --- image resolution --- Plegadis falcinellus --- Motus --- biodiversity --- Landsat 8 --- Sentinel --- boreal forest --- phenology --- LTSER --- western swamphen --- Parrot SEQUOIA --- native grassland --- forêt Montmorency --- drought --- forest regeneration --- radio-tracking

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Mixed cropping, also known as inter-cropping or co-cultivation, is a plant production system that involves planting two or more species (or cultivars) in the same field in a variable order—row or rowless—simultaneously. Mixed cropping plays an important role in sustainable agriculture by adding value to crop rotations and agroecosystems. Scientific investigations on environmentally friendly mixed cropping should be supported by studies on the direct costs and long-term benefits that are the most relevant to farmers. Meeting the need to strengthen the scientific basis for mixed crops, the papers in this Special Issue enhance our understanding of the following: The selection of species and cultivars for a mixed crop system as well as the choice of agricultural treatments that will secure a stable yield of mixtures; Inter- and intra- species competition of plants in a canopy; Ecological intensification approaches and opportunities for maximizing crop performance and yield in mixtures; The effects of mixed crops on crop rotations; The short- and long-term ecosystem benefits of mixtures; The effects on pests and the biodiversity of agroecosystems provided by mixtures; The economic aspects of adopting the mixtures in farms; The nutritive value of mixtures for livestock; Other topics related to the mixed cropping.

barley --- oats --- triticale --- yield --- leaf area index --- land equivalent ratio --- standard gross margin --- brachiaria --- cereal-livestock production --- perception --- push-pull technology --- smallholder farmers --- proximity effect --- border effect --- neighbor effect --- strip intercropping --- legume --- cereals --- Hordeum vulgare --- Lolium multiflorum --- phosphorus --- water stress --- competition indices --- plant development stages --- spring cereal mixtures --- grain yield --- protein yield --- metabolic energy yield --- differentiations of cereal mixture --- sustainable agriculture --- maize --- Zea mays L. --- biodiversity --- intercropping --- silage --- growth --- quality --- non-legume --- mixed crop --- herbivores --- pest population --- natural enemy --- cereal–legume mixture --- common vetch --- cultivar --- soil quality --- cereal-legume mixture --- organic farming --- conventional farming --- leaf greenness index --- seed yield --- yield components --- n/a

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The rising shortage of water resources in crop-producing regions worldwide and the need for irrigation optimisation call for sustainable water savings. The allocation of irrigation water will be an ever-increasing source of pressure because of vast agricultural demands under changing climatic conditions. Consequently, irrigation has to be closely linked with water-use efficiency with the aim of boosting productivity and improving food quality, singularly in those regions where problems of water shortages or collection and delivery are widespread. The present Special Issue (SI) showcases 19 original contributions, addressing water-use efficiency in the context of sustainable irrigation management to meet water scarcity conditions. These papers cover a wide range of subjects including (i) interaction mineral nutrition and irrigation in horticultural crops, (ii) sustainable irrigation in woody fruit crops, (iii) medicinal plants, (iv) industrial crops, and (v) other topics devoted to remote sensing techniques and crop water requirements, genotypes for drought tolerance, and agricultural management. The studies were carried out in both field and laboratory surveys, with modelling studies also being conducted, and a wide range of geographic regions are also covered. The collection of these manuscripts presented in this SI updates on and provides a relevant contribution for efficient saving water resources.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- fruit size --- Manzanilla --- olive --- regulated deficit irrigation --- water potential --- water relation --- leaf area --- Manihot esculenta --- photosynthesis --- tuber --- water status --- antioxidant capacity --- bioactive compounds --- growth --- hydroxycinnamic acids --- hydroponics --- preformed plastic mulch film --- crop water productivity --- biodegradation --- crop productivity --- spray-on mulch --- water use efficiency --- almond cultivars --- crop physiological response --- irrigation water productivity --- nut yield --- drip irrigation --- silicon --- mineral nutrients --- oxidative stress --- osmolytes --- yield --- Zea mays --- ERP --- GIS --- internet of things --- precision agriculture --- quality --- environment --- water --- software --- platform --- web application --- crop coefficient --- drought stress --- evapotranspiration --- maize --- water productivity --- Prunus dulcis --- Vairo --- water stress --- sustained deficit irrigation --- quality markers --- leaf greenness index --- root morphology --- almond quality --- sustainability --- marketability --- semiarid Mediterranean environment --- root components --- yield components --- fruit quality --- deficit irrigation --- leaf area index --- harvest index --- photosynthetic rate --- transpiration rate --- greenhouse --- in vitro culture --- apple --- cherries --- midday stem water potential --- sap flow --- stomatal conductance --- FDR probes and daily fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation --- abiotic stress --- Linum album Ky. ex Boiss. --- morphological properties --- phenology --- pigments --- diversity --- root length density --- root weight density --- root-shoot relationships --- benefit-cost ratio --- nitrogen --- root growth --- tomato --- water saving --- Jerusalem artichoke --- mineral fertilization --- irrigation --- diseases --- fungi --- crop suitability --- remote sensing --- ALES-Arid --- SEBAL --- landsat --- crop-water requirements --- smart farming --- crop-production functions --- food quality --- crop physiological response to drought scenarios --- fruit size --- Manzanilla --- olive --- regulated deficit irrigation --- water potential --- water relation --- leaf area --- Manihot esculenta --- photosynthesis --- tuber --- water status --- antioxidant capacity --- bioactive compounds --- growth --- hydroxycinnamic acids --- hydroponics --- preformed plastic mulch film --- crop water productivity --- biodegradation --- crop productivity --- spray-on mulch --- water use efficiency --- almond cultivars --- crop physiological response --- irrigation water productivity --- nut yield --- drip irrigation --- silicon --- mineral nutrients --- oxidative stress --- osmolytes --- yield --- Zea mays --- ERP --- GIS --- internet of things --- precision agriculture --- quality --- environment --- water --- software --- platform --- web application --- crop coefficient --- drought stress --- evapotranspiration --- maize --- water productivity --- Prunus dulcis --- Vairo --- water stress --- sustained deficit irrigation --- quality markers --- leaf greenness index --- root morphology --- almond quality --- sustainability --- marketability --- semiarid Mediterranean environment --- root components --- yield components --- fruit quality --- deficit irrigation --- leaf area index --- harvest index --- photosynthetic rate --- transpiration rate --- greenhouse --- in vitro culture --- apple --- cherries --- midday stem water potential --- sap flow --- stomatal conductance --- FDR probes and daily fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation --- abiotic stress --- Linum album Ky. ex Boiss. --- morphological properties --- phenology --- pigments --- diversity --- root length density --- root weight density --- root-shoot relationships --- benefit-cost ratio --- nitrogen --- root growth --- tomato --- water saving --- Jerusalem artichoke --- mineral fertilization --- irrigation --- diseases --- fungi --- crop suitability --- remote sensing --- ALES-Arid --- SEBAL --- landsat --- crop-water requirements --- smart farming --- crop-production functions --- food quality --- crop physiological response to drought scenarios

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• Reference Manager
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The rising shortage of water resources in crop-producing regions worldwide and the need for irrigation optimisation call for sustainable water savings. The allocation of irrigation water will be an ever-increasing source of pressure because of vast agricultural demands under changing climatic conditions. Consequently, irrigation has to be closely linked with water-use efficiency with the aim of boosting productivity and improving food quality, singularly in those regions where problems of water shortages or collection and delivery are widespread. The present Special Issue (SI) showcases 19 original contributions, addressing water-use efficiency in the context of sustainable irrigation management to meet water scarcity conditions. These papers cover a wide range of subjects including (i) interaction mineral nutrition and irrigation in horticultural crops, (ii) sustainable irrigation in woody fruit crops, (iii) medicinal plants, (iv) industrial crops, and (v) other topics devoted to remote sensing techniques and crop water requirements, genotypes for drought tolerance, and agricultural management. The studies were carried out in both field and laboratory surveys, with modelling studies also being conducted, and a wide range of geographic regions are also covered. The collection of these manuscripts presented in this SI updates on and provides a relevant contribution for efficient saving water resources.

fruit size --- Manzanilla --- olive --- regulated deficit irrigation --- water potential --- water relation --- leaf area --- Manihot esculenta --- photosynthesis --- tuber --- water status --- antioxidant capacity --- bioactive compounds --- growth --- hydroxycinnamic acids --- hydroponics --- preformed plastic mulch film --- crop water productivity --- biodegradation --- crop productivity --- spray-on mulch --- water use efficiency --- almond cultivars --- crop physiological response --- irrigation water productivity --- nut yield --- drip irrigation --- silicon --- mineral nutrients --- oxidative stress --- osmolytes --- yield --- Zea mays --- ERP --- GIS --- internet of things --- precision agriculture --- quality --- environment --- water --- software --- platform --- web application --- crop coefficient --- drought stress --- evapotranspiration --- maize --- water productivity --- Prunus dulcis --- Vairo --- water stress --- sustained deficit irrigation --- quality markers --- leaf greenness index --- root morphology --- almond quality --- sustainability --- marketability --- semiarid Mediterranean environment --- root components --- yield components --- fruit quality --- deficit irrigation --- leaf area index --- harvest index --- photosynthetic rate --- transpiration rate --- greenhouse --- in vitro culture --- apple --- cherries --- midday stem water potential --- sap flow --- stomatal conductance --- FDR probes and daily fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation --- abiotic stress --- Linum album Ky. ex Boiss. --- morphological properties --- phenology --- pigments --- diversity --- root length density --- root weight density --- root-shoot relationships --- benefit-cost ratio --- nitrogen --- root growth --- tomato --- water saving --- Jerusalem artichoke --- mineral fertilization --- irrigation --- diseases --- fungi --- crop suitability --- remote sensing --- ALES-Arid --- SEBAL --- landsat --- crop-water requirements --- smart farming --- crop-production functions --- food quality --- crop physiological response to drought scenarios