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The state-of-the-art in water-worked bed hydraulics can only be examined through a careful exploration of the experimental (both laboratory and field) results via theoretical development. This book is primarily focused on the research aspects that involve a comprehensive knowledge of sediment dynamics in turbulent flows, as the most up-to-date research findings in the field are presented. It begins with two reviews on bedload transport and water-work bed experimental studies. The sediment dynamics is then analyzed from a classical perspective by applying the mean bed shear approach and additionally incorporating a statistical description for the role of turbulence. The work finally examines the local scour problems at hydraulic structures and results from field studies. It is intended as a course guide for field professionals, keeping up with modern technological developments. Therefore, as a simple prerequisite, readers should have a basic knowledge of hydraulics to an undergraduate level.

risk assessment --- n/a --- heavy metals --- sand waves --- scour depth --- in-stream structures --- backwater effect --- friction factor --- natural sandy bed river --- morphology --- turbulent flow --- sediment --- flood --- spur dike --- water reservoir --- local bed shear stress --- gravel-bed stream --- logarithmic law of the wall --- environmental variables --- mountain stream --- experiments --- scour holes --- drag-reducing flows --- flow type --- Three Gorges Reservoir --- hysteresis --- acoustic Doppler velocimeter --- check dam --- bedload --- granular beds --- bed-load transport --- aquatic plants --- flow velocity measurements --- groyne type --- fluvial hydraulics --- groyne field --- flow resistance --- water-worked gravel bed --- Mountain River --- aquatic plant biomechanics --- von Kármán parameter ? --- bed shear stress --- river morphology --- river --- turbulent kinetic energy --- scour --- von Kármán parameter ?

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In the research on environmental hydraulics, its turbulence, and its sediment transport, constant challenges have been faced. The complexity of hydraulic impacts on sediment transport and turbulent flow properties makes research in this area a difficult task. However, due to pressure from climate change and the mounting issue of pollution, environmental flow studies are more crucial than ever. Bedforming within rivers is a complex process that can be influenced by the hydraulics, vegetated field, and various suspended and bedload transports. Changes in flow conditions due to rain and flood can further complicate a hydraulic system. To date, the turbulence, morphologic, and bedforming characteristics of natural environmental flows are still not well understood. This book aims to bring together a collection of state-of-the-art research and technologies to form a useful guide for the related research and engineering communities. It may be useful for authorities, researchers, and environmental, civil, and water engineers to understand the current state-of-the-art practices in environmental flow modelling, measurement, and management. It may also be a good resource for research, post-, or undergraduate students who wish to know about the most up-to-date knowledge in this field.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- ADV --- bed-mounted horizontal cylinder --- gravel-bed --- sand-bed --- turbulence --- wake region --- floating structure --- hydrodynamic moment --- finite flowing water --- physical model tests --- statistical diagnosis --- bridge pier --- flat and eroded bed --- flow field --- velocity profile measurements --- wave --- current --- sediment --- maintenance dredging --- Nagan Raya --- unsaturated soil --- stability --- consolidation --- self-preservation in wall-wake --- circular pipe --- velocity deficit --- RSS deficit --- turbulence intensities deficit --- third-order correlations --- suspended sediment concentration --- dilute-hyper concentration --- Rouse number --- velocity lag --- bursting phenomena --- ADV --- bed-mounted horizontal cylinder --- gravel-bed --- sand-bed --- turbulence --- wake region --- floating structure --- hydrodynamic moment --- finite flowing water --- physical model tests --- statistical diagnosis --- bridge pier --- flat and eroded bed --- flow field --- velocity profile measurements --- wave --- current --- sediment --- maintenance dredging --- Nagan Raya --- unsaturated soil --- stability --- consolidation --- self-preservation in wall-wake --- circular pipe --- velocity deficit --- RSS deficit --- turbulence intensities deficit --- third-order correlations --- suspended sediment concentration --- dilute-hyper concentration --- Rouse number --- velocity lag --- bursting phenomena

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This book presents five articles that are also part of a Special Issue titled: Modelling of River flows, Sediment and Contaminants Transport published in the Water Journal under the section: Water Erosion and Sediment Transport. It covers a wide range of topics, such as predicting the impacts of wildfires on sediment transport and water quality in a mountainous region and estimating the sediment erosion due to release of ice-jams in cold region rivers.

Congo River Basin --- Cuvette Centrale --- erosion --- sediment transport --- sediment balance --- SWAT --- dam area of reservoirs --- fine-grained sediment --- fluid mud --- gravity-driven flow --- reservoir sedimentation --- cohesive sediment --- water supply --- turbidity --- gravel bed river --- ingress --- watershed management --- source water protection --- climate change adaptation --- landscape disturbance --- aquatic life --- bank erosion --- bed shear --- ice jam --- sediment pulse --- suspended-sediment concentration --- water quality --- cohesive sediment transport --- modelling --- flocculation --- critical shear stress --- deposition --- river systems --- entrapment --- n/a

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In the research on environmental hydraulics, its turbulence, and its sediment transport, constant challenges have been faced. The complexity of hydraulic impacts on sediment transport and turbulent flow properties makes research in this area a difficult task. However, due to pressure from climate change and the mounting issue of pollution, environmental flow studies are more crucial than ever. Bedforming within rivers is a complex process that can be influenced by the hydraulics, vegetated field, and various suspended and bedload transports. Changes in flow conditions due to rain and flood can further complicate a hydraulic system. To date, the turbulence, morphologic, and bedforming characteristics of natural environmental flows are still not well understood. This book aims to bring together a collection of state-of-the-art research and technologies to form a useful guide for the related research and engineering communities. It may be useful for authorities, researchers, and environmental, civil, and water engineers to understand the current state-of-the-art practices in environmental flow modelling, measurement, and management. It may also be a good resource for research, post-, or undergraduate students who wish to know about the most up-to-date knowledge in this field.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- ADV --- bed-mounted horizontal cylinder --- gravel-bed --- sand-bed --- turbulence --- wake region --- floating structure --- hydrodynamic moment --- finite flowing water --- physical model tests --- statistical diagnosis --- bridge pier --- flat and eroded bed --- flow field --- velocity profile measurements --- wave --- current --- sediment --- maintenance dredging --- Nagan Raya --- unsaturated soil --- stability --- consolidation --- self-preservation in wall-wake --- circular pipe --- velocity deficit --- RSS deficit --- turbulence intensities deficit --- third-order correlations --- suspended sediment concentration --- dilute-hyper concentration --- Rouse number --- velocity lag --- bursting phenomena --- n/a

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Understanding of the role of turbulence in controlling transport processes is of paramount importance for the preservation and protection of aquatic ecosystems, the minimization of the deleterious consequences of anthropogenic activity, and the successful sustainable development of river and maritime areas. In this context, the present Special Issue collects 15 papers which provide a representation of the present understanding of turbulent processes and their effects in river and maritime environments. The presented collection of papers is not exhaustive, but it highlights the key priority areas and knowledge gaps in this field of research. The published papers present the state-of-the-art knowledge of complex environmental flows which are useful for researchers and practitioners. The paper contents are an overview of some recent topics of research and an exposure of the current and future challenges associated with these topics.

inclined negatively buoyant jets --- flow mixing --- Kelvin–Helmholtz --- flow-through system --- mixing --- regular waves --- vegetation patch --- turbulence invariants --- junction angle --- gravel-bed rivers --- spatial analysis --- spectral model --- coastal lagoon --- roughness --- MIKE 21 FM (HD) --- billow --- dissipation --- river mouth --- waves --- advection --- wave–current interaction --- plunging breaking waves --- turbulence --- flow deflection zone --- smoothed particle hydrodynamics models --- numerical modelling --- physical modelling --- surface waves --- lobe --- dilution --- numerical model --- channel confluences --- prediction --- meanders --- CFD --- bedrock canyon --- MIKE 3 FM (HD & --- SVF --- diffusion --- dense jet --- sub-grid turbulence --- flow separation zone --- breaking waves --- Spartina maritima --- jets --- maritime areas --- flow retardation zone --- seabed friction --- sea discharges --- secondary motion --- ADCP --- cleft --- submerged ratio --- laboratory experiments --- wake region --- eddy viscosity --- bottom friction --- casting technique --- turbulent jet --- tidal inlets --- rivers --- nonlinear shallow water equations --- vorticity --- hydrodynamic model --- flow resistance --- PANORMUS --- spectral dissipation --- TR) --- macrovortices --- turbulent processes --- velocity --- trajectory --- flexible vegetation --- energy dissipation --- gravity current --- bed shear stress --- current flow --- drag coefficient --- residence time --- wave attenuation