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Savanna and grassland biomes cover more of the earth's surface than any other biome type, and yet they are still largely understudied. In recent decades, global savanna and grassland ecosystems have become more prominent in the literature focused on global change dynamics. Savanna and grasslands represent unique biomes with their own challenges, both in terms of their study and in terms of their complexity, leading to many contradictory and often controversial findings. The global threats to these systems are potentially significant, from climate change impacts to human management challenges, from possible degradation to complete desertification, which vary across disturbance regime shifts. This Special Issue of Applied Sciences, “Dynamics of Global Savanna and Grassland Biomes”, is intended for a wide and interdisciplinary audience, and covers recent advances in: - drivers of vegetation dynamics - further understanding carbon interactions in these critical landscapes - advances in modeling both current and future system states - tipping points in savanna systems - human-environment interactions and challenges for management - biodiversity and ecosystem services

Research & information: general --- climate change --- SAVANNA --- simulation --- scenarios --- livestock --- rangeland productivity --- CO2 effects --- remote sensing --- vegetation dynamics --- savanna landscapes --- national parks --- conservation --- temperate meadow steppe --- grassland degradation --- biomass --- vegetation --- community characteristics --- enclosure --- restoration --- management --- policy options --- neotropical savannas --- woody conversion --- support vector machine classification --- land cover change --- protected areas --- Payne’s Creek National Park --- endemism --- floristics --- nomadic --- yaks --- culture --- altitude --- watersheds --- rivers --- biodiversity --- grassland management --- land degradation --- rodents --- policy --- interventions --- n/a --- Payne's Creek National Park

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Understanding deserts and drylands is essential, as arid landscapes cover >40% of the Earth and are home to two billion people. Today's problematic environment–human interaction needs contemporary knowledge to address dryland complexity. Physical dimensions in arid zones—land systems, climate and hazards, ecology—are linked with social processes that directly impact drylands, such as land management, livelihoods, and development. The challenges require integrated research that identifies systemic drivers across global arid regions. Measurement and monitoring, field investigation, remote sensing, and data analysis are effective tools to investigate natural dynamics. Equally, inquiry into how policy and practice affect landscape sustainability is key to mitigating detrimental activity in deserts. Relations between socio-economic forces and degradation, agro-pastoral rangeland use, drought and disaster and resource extraction reflect land interactions. Contemporary themes of food security, conflict, and conservation are interlinked in arid environments. This book unifies desert science, arid environments, and dryland development. The chapters identify land dynamics, address system risks and delineate human functions through original research in arid zones. Mixed methodologies highlight the vital links between social and environmental science in global deserts. The book engages with today's topical themes and presents novel analyses of arid land systems and societies.

regeneration --- drylands --- invasive vine --- riparian ecosystems --- Kazakhstan --- Mongolian grassland --- human health --- charisma --- water rights --- political ecology --- the Hovmoller diagram --- Mongolia --- common-pool resource --- desertification --- afforestation --- continuous grazing --- arid area --- tamarind age --- land use change --- mountains of Central Asia --- soil carbon storage --- social movements --- case study of nomadic and settlement grazing system --- Afar --- protest --- social–ecological systems --- Central Asia --- Asian dust --- subarctic agriculture --- Jordan River Basin --- conservation --- protected areas --- water productivity --- national parks --- disturbance --- dryland --- increase of growing season --- Sanjiangyuan region --- policy implementation --- partnerships --- snow index --- global carbon balance --- dust storm emission --- Jordan --- One Belt --- local farming --- decoupling --- water security --- environmental impacts --- groundwater --- Kashgar Region --- Gobi --- Palestine --- degrading --- property rights --- One Road --- aerodynamic roughness --- Israel --- desert --- fodder demand --- spatial migration model --- vegetation survey --- agricultural water intensity --- dry lake beds --- LUCC --- communal rangelands --- subversive clientelism --- Tibetan Plateau --- ecotone --- river basin development --- livestock --- environmental justice --- computational fluid dynamics --- Japan --- remote sensing --- climate hazard --- mining --- Chobe --- modelling --- sustainable livelihoods --- water --- pastoralism --- environmental regime shift --- erosion --- institutional change --- Gobi desert of Mongolia --- Cuchillas de la Zarca --- non-linear change --- Ethiopia --- cross correlation analysis --- farming at its limits --- absence --- New Silk Road --- drag partition --- cellular automata --- agriculture --- China --- SPOT VGT --- grass height --- co-management --- Belt and Road Initiative --- wind erosion modelling --- Kyrgyzstan --- KAZA --- dust storm outbreak --- coverage --- desert reclamation --- nomadic pastoralism --- fodder supply --- soil quality index --- vegetation response to precipitation --- driving forces --- grassland degradation --- environment --- Nyangatom --- rotational grazing --- drought --- Asia --- infrastructure --- Southern Africa --- Gobi Desert region --- Sonoran desert --- South Omo --- arid region --- land cover/land use --- drip irrigation --- risk --- air temperature increase --- the Shiyang River Basin --- forest resources --- landscape --- ecosystem services --- Greenland --- economic valuation