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Since the Second World War, congressional parties have been characterized as declining in strength and influence. Research has generally attributed this decline to policy conflicts within parties, to growing electoral independence of members, and to the impact of the congressional reforms of the 1970's. Yet the 1980's witnessed a strong resurgence of parties and party leadership-especially in the House of Representatives. Offering a concise and compelling explanation of the causes of this resurgence, David W. Rohde argues that a realignment of electoral forces led to a reduction of sectional divisions within the parties-particularly between the northern and southern Democrats-and to increased divergence between the parties on many important issues. He challenges previous findings by asserting that congressional reform contributed to, rather than restrained, the increase of partisanship. Among the Democrats, reforms siphoned power away from conservative and autocratic committee chairs and put control of those committees in the hands of Democratic committee caucuses, strengthening party leaders and making both party and committee leaders responsible to rank-and-file Democrats. Electoral changes increased the homogeneity of House Democrats while institutional reforms reduced the influence of dissident members on a consensus in the majority party. Rohde's accessible analysis provides a detailed discussion of the goals of the congressional reformers, the increased consensus among Democrats and its reinforcement by their caucus, the Democratic leadership's use of expanded powers to shape the legislative agenda, and the responses of House Republicans. He also addresses the changes in the relationship between the House majority and the president during the Carter and Reagan administrations and analyzes the legislative consequences of the partisan resurgence. A readable, systematic synthesis of the many complex factors that fueled the recent resurgence of partisanship, Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House is ideal for course use.

Political parties --- United States. --- Leadership. --- United States --- Politics and government --- congressional parties, politics, political science, congress, government, power, influence, policy, conflict, electoral independence, reform, leadership, house of representatives, sectional division, southern democrats, divergence, platform, partisanship, committee caucuses, party leaders, homogeneity, dissdents, consensus, agenda, legislation, carter, reagan, administration, roll-call voting, wright speakership, nonfiction, history.

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Among the more frequent and most devastating of conflicts, civil wars-from Yugoslavia to Congo-frequently reignite and even spill over into the international sphere. Given the inherent fragility of civil war peace agreements, innovative approaches must be taken to ensure the successful resolution of these conflicts. Strengthening Peace in Post­-Civil War States provides both analytical frameworks and a series of critical case studies demonstrating the effectiveness of a range of strategies for keeping the peace. Coeditors Matthew Hoddie and Caroline A. Hartzell here contend that lasting peace relies on aligning the self-interest of individuals and communities with the society-wide goal of ending war; if citizens and groups have a stake in peace, they will seek to maintain and defend it. The rest of the contributors explore two complementary approaches toward achieving this goal: restructuring domestic institutions and soft intervention. Some essays examine the first tactic, which involves reforming governments that failed to prevent war, while others discuss the second, an umbrella term for a number of non-military strategies for outside actors to assist in keeping the peace.

Peace-building. --- Civil war. --- peace, war, conflict, treaty, yugoslavia, congo, prevention, government, power, community, citizens, stakeholders, intervention, military, state violence, domestic institutions, restructuring, reform, social change, regime, history, politics, political science, nonfiction, self-interest, legitimacy, nation building, transition, electoral rules, elections, freedom, democracy, negotiation, settlements, africa, troops, militia, party system, opposition, economics.

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This elegant history considers a fascinating array of texts, cultural practices, and intellectual processes-including maps and mapmaking, poetry, travel writing, popular fiction, and encyclopedias-to chart the emergence of a new geographical consciousness in early modern Japan. Marcia Yonemoto's wide-ranging history of ideas traces changing conceptions and representations of space by looking at the roles played by writers, artists, commercial publishers, and the Shogunal government in helping to fashion a new awareness of space and place in this period. Her impressively researched study shows how spatial and geographical knowledge confined to elites in early Japan became more generalized, flexible, and widespread in the Tokugawa period. In the broadest sense, her book grasps the elusive processes through which people came to name, to know, and to interpret their worlds in narrative and visual forms.

Ethnopsychology --- National characteristics, Japanese. --- Cross-cultural psychology --- Ethnic groups --- Ethnic psychology --- Folk-psychology --- Indigenous peoples --- National psychology --- Psychological anthropology --- Psychology, Cross-cultural --- Psychology, Ethnic --- Psychology, National --- Psychology, Racial --- Race psychology --- Psychology --- National characteristics --- Japanese national characteristics --- Japan --- Civilization --- Japan - Civilization - 1600-1868. --- cartography. --- commercial publishers. --- early modern japan. --- east asia. --- encyclopedia. --- geographical knowledge. --- geography. --- gesaku. --- government power. --- japan. --- japanese history. --- japanese studies. --- mapmaking. --- maps. --- modern japan. --- national identity. --- nonfiction. --- poetry. --- popular culture. --- popular fiction. --- power of maps. --- realm. --- representation of space. --- samurai. --- satire comics. --- satire. --- sense of space. --- shogunal. --- shogunate. --- social commentary. --- space and place. --- space theory. --- tokugawa edo period. --- tokugawa. --- travel writing. --- travel. --- travelogue.