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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- Immunology --- non-AIDS events --- microbial translocation --- fungal translocation --- beta-D-glucan --- CXCL12 --- LPS --- dysbiosis

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- Immunology --- non-AIDS events --- microbial translocation --- fungal translocation --- beta-D-glucan --- CXCL12 --- LPS --- dysbiosis

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This Special Issue entitled “β-glucan in foods and health benefits” reports on the health benefits of indigestible carbohydrates with respect to metabolic diseases and immune functions. The effects of β-glucan have been investigated through the use isolated preparations or natural dietary fibers from whole grain cereals and brans, yeasts, or Euglena. This Special Issue includes original research articles that are based on human intervention studies that address the effects of β-glucan on metabolic diseases and immune function-related markers as well as in vitro and in vivo studies. It also reviews the health benefits of β-glucans in humans.

humans --- oat β-glucan --- acute glycemic response --- dietary fiber --- preload --- carbohydrates --- β-1,3-glucan --- Euglena gracilis --- Ca2+ signaling --- intestinal epithelial cell --- intravital imaging --- small intestine --- immune system --- barley --- β-glucan --- microarray --- short chain fatty acids --- lipid metabolism. --- low molecular weight --- fermentation --- prebiotics --- Autreobasidium pullulans --- β-1,3-1,6-glucan --- physiological function --- oat beta-glucan --- colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- TLRs --- Dectin-1 --- rats --- L cell --- glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) --- glucose tolerance --- short-chain fatty acids --- sIgA --- microbiota --- randomized clinical trial --- symptoms --- gastrointestinal tract --- musculo-skeletal system --- oats --- oatmeal --- beta-glucan --- beta glucan --- health claim --- regulation --- food-health relationship --- gastritis --- inflammatory process --- antioxidant properties --- paramylon --- abdominal fat --- DNA microarray --- gene ontology --- PPAR signaling --- n/a --- Crohn's disease

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Actuellement, l’atteinte de l’autonomie alimentaire est le souhait de plus en plus d’éleveurs de poulets de chair en AB (agriculture biologique). Dans ce cadre, le triticale est une céréale d’intérêt au vu de ses qualités agronomiques et nutritionnelles dans ce type d’agriculture.
Cependant, en élevage de poulets de chair à croissance rapide, des taux d’incorporation élevés de triticale dans les régimes alimentaires des volailles génèrent des problèmes de viscosité intestinale, en raison de leurs teneurs relativement élevées en AXs (arabinoxylanes) et β-glucanes solubles, impactant les performances zootechniques des volailles.
Dans cette étude, les propriétés physico-chimiques, dont la viscosité, de 7 variétés de triticale ont été caractérisées. Une méthode de mesure de la viscosité a été développée au Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA).
Les résultats de ces analyses ont révélé deux variétés à viscosité élevée ; Bilboquet, qui est pourvue d’un indice de viscosité élevé sur sa fiche technique et Vuka, qui elle, par contre, est réputée pour être une variété des moins viscosantes. Ces analyses ont également mis en évidence d’importantes corrélations entre la teneur en protéines et en amidon des grains, leur indice de blancheur ainsi que la granulométrie des grains, avec la viscosité des variétés de triticale étudiées.
Un essai en champs a également été mené avec 13 variétés de triticale dont les 7 caractérisées en laboratoire. Les variétés Brehat, Kitesurf, Lumaco et Ramdam se sont révélées comme étant les plus intéressantes d’un point de vue phytotechnique au vu de leurs caractéristiques, notamment leur tolérance au froid, leur nombre de plantes par mètre carré, leur nombre de talles et leur bonne couverture foliaire. 
Enfin, un essai en poulailler a permis de tester l’introduction, à un taux de 60%, de trois variétés de triticale dans le régime de volailles, ainsi que d’un aliment complémentaire comprenant ou non un cocktail enzymatique capable d’inhiber les effets viscosants du triticale. L’essai de performances à partir des variétés de triticale a débuté à l’âge de 35 jours des poulets, et s’est terminé à un poids d’abattage de 2,4kg, soit à environ 70 jours d’âge des animaux. 
De cet essai, aucun effet significatif sur les performances zootechniques des volailles, ni de la variété de triticale, ni de l’ajout d’enzymes n’a pu être mis en évidence. Ces résultats démontrent le peu d’effets des composés viscosants du triticale et de la complémentation enzymatique pratiquée chez les volailles âgées.
A l’avenir, un essai de ce type devrait être mené dès le premier jour d’âge des poulets, en leur fournissant préférentiellement des variétés issues d’un même site expérimental et en veillant à adapter l’activité enzymatique aux conditions expérimentales. Currently, reaching feed autonomy is one of the wishes of more and more organic broilers breeders. In this context, triticale is a cereal of interest in view of its nutritional and agronomic qualities in organic farming.
However, in conventional broiler breeding, we noticed that high introduction levels of triticale in broiler’s feed induced intestinal viscosity because of their high content in soluble arabinoxylans and β-glucans affecting zootechnical performances of chickens.
In this study, physico-chemical properties including viscosity of 7 triticale varieties have been characterized. A measurement method of viscosity has been developed with a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA).
The results of these experiments have highlighted two varieties with high viscosity, Bilboquet which has a high viscosity index on its technical sheet and Vuka, which, at the opposite, is known to create very little viscosity. These analyses have also revealed significant correlations between protein and starch content of triticale, whiteness index of grains and grains granulometry with viscosity of triticale varieties studied.
A field trial has been done with 13 triticale varieties, of which the 7 varieties characterized in the laboratory. The varieties Brehat, Kitesurf, Lumaco and Ramdam have been revealed as being the most interesting from an agronomical point of view in view of their characteristics, especially their cold resistance, their plant number per square meter, their tillers number and their good leaf cover. 
Finally, a henhouse trial allowed to test the introduction at a rate of 60% of three triticale varieties in broiler’s diet as well as a complementary feed containing an enzymatic treatment or not. The trial strictly speaking began while chickens were 35 days old and carried on until the end of the broiler’s cycle, so 70 days approximately.
Of this trial, none significant effects on zootechnical performances of broilers have been revealed, neither from triticale variety, nor from enzyme addition. These results demonstrate the few effects of viscous components of triticale and of enzyme addition in old broilers breeding.
In the future, a trial of this type should be implemented since the first day of the chickens, supplying them varieties coming from the same experimental site, and the same growing season to purge a potential environmental noise.

Arabinoxylane --- β-glucane --- viscosité --- agriculture biologique --- poulet de chair --- Arabinoxylan --- β-glucan --- viscosity --- organic farming --- broiler --- Sciences du vivant > Productions animales & zootechnie --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts that was published in JoF

toxicity --- risk assessment --- species complex --- galactomannan --- taxonomy --- Aspergillus PCR --- candidemia --- adaptive immunity --- fungal immunity --- T2 Candida --- anti-fungal agents --- innate immunity --- antifungal stewardship --- Immunotherapy --- Candida meningoencephalitis --- liposomal amphotericin B --- anidulafungin --- liver disease --- invasive mold disease --- T2Candida --- AIDS --- (1?3)-?-d-glucan --- literature review --- yeast --- hepatic impairment --- prediction models --- IRIS --- invasive aspergillosis --- antifungal agent --- TNF inhibitors --- Aspergillus fumigatus --- fungal nomenclature --- micafungin --- non-culture-based diagnostics --- PCR --- paracoccidioidomycosis --- Candida auris --- multidrug resistance --- subcutaneous mycoses --- risk score --- mycoses of implantation --- Sporothrix brasiliensis --- antifungal resistance --- immunocompromised hosts --- Sporothrix schenckii --- Aspergillus --- fungus --- cell therapy --- MALDI-ToF MS --- lateral flow --- phylogenetics --- hematological malignancy --- candidiasis --- antifungal drug --- hematological malignancies --- mycoses --- invasive fungal infections --- lymphoma --- kidney transplant --- immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome --- mechanisms of antifungal resistance --- fungal infections --- cytokine therapy --- sporotrichosis --- beta-d-glucan --- invasive fungal infection --- HIV --- cat-transmitted sporotrichosis --- aspergillosis --- cancer --- prognostic risk model