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Using a new database of household surveys, this paper examines inequality among all individuals living in developing East Asia regardless of their country of residence. The East Asian Gini index increased from 39.0 in 1988 to 43.3 in 2012. Inequality increased during the initial decade, regardless of the choice of inequality measure. The trend appears to have reversed in the mid-2000s. Regional inequality is now almost entirely explained by within-country differences, while gaps in average income across countries have become unimportant. This reversal has been driven by rising national inequality especially in populous countries, counteracted by catch-up growth in average incomes, particularly in China. Interpersonal differences in income at the regional level have thus become internalized within national boundaries.

Expenditure Distribution --- Global Inequality --- Inequality

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In the 2000s, global inequality fell for the first time since the Industrial Revolution, driven by a decline in the dispersion of average incomes across countries. Between 1988 and 2008, a period of rapidly increasing global integration, income growth was largest for the global top 1 percent and for country-deciles in Asia, often in the upper halves of the national distributions, while the poorer deciles in rich countries lagged behind. Although within-country inequality increased in population-weighted terms, for the average developing country the rise in inequality slowed down in the second half of the 2000s. However, like any analysis based on household surveys, these results could miss important increases in inequality if they are concentrated at the top. These data constraints remain especially serious in developing countries where only very limited information on the top tail exists, especially regarding capital incomes.

Global Inequality --- Globalization --- Income Distribution --- Inequality --- Top Incomes

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Inequality between world citizens in mid-19th century was such that at least a half of it could be explained by income differences between workers and capital-owners in individual countries. Real income of workers in most countries was similar and low. This was the basis on which Marxism built its universal appeal. More than 150 years later, in the early 21st century, the situation has changed fundamentally: more than 80 percent of global income differences is due to large gaps in mean incomes between countries, and unskilled workers' wages in rich and poor countries often differ by a factor of 10 to 1. This is the basis on which a new global political issue of migration has emerged because income differences between countries make individual gains from migration large. The key coming issue will be how to deal with this challenge while acknowledging that migration is probably the most powerful tool for reducing global poverty and inequality.

Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Global inequality --- Income --- Inequality --- Inequality between nations --- Labor in 19th century and today --- Migration --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction

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Inequality between world citizens in mid-19th century was such that at least a half of it could be explained by income differences between workers and capital-owners in individual countries. Real income of workers in most countries was similar and low. This was the basis on which Marxism built its universal appeal. More than 150 years later, in the early 21st century, the situation has changed fundamentally: more than 80 percent of global income differences is due to large gaps in mean incomes between countries, and unskilled workers' wages in rich and poor countries often differ by a factor of 10 to 1. This is the basis on which a new global political issue of migration has emerged because income differences between countries make individual gains from migration large. The key coming issue will be how to deal with this challenge while acknowledging that migration is probably the most powerful tool for reducing global poverty and inequality.

Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Global inequality --- Income --- Inequality --- Inequality between nations --- Labor in 19th century and today --- Migration --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction

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Wie ernähren wir uns verantwortungsvoll? Ernährungsethik zählt zu den neuesten Entwicklungen der praktischen Philosophie. Angesichts der globalen Ernährungskrise stellt sie sich den unausweichlichen Fragen: Wie kann sich die Menschheit ernähren? Wie »gut« sollten wir essen, so dass alle in den Genuss guten Essens kommen? Wie lässt sich eine Gastroethik begründen? Weit mehr als von Kapitalismuskritik oder der Ausweitung der internationalen Protestbewegungen geht die Ernährungswende von unserem Denken aus - von einem gastrosophischen Umdenken. Harald Lemke macht deutlich: Es ist höchste Zeit, die dafür notwendigen Grundlagen zu schaffen und mit einer radikalen Selbstkritik der westlichen Philosophie des Essens zu beginnen. Neuausgabe - mit einem ausführlichen Vorwort zur Frage: »Was isst der Mensch?« »Definitiv wertvoll, um Ansichten zur ethischen Essensweise kennenzulernen und diese auch in die Tat umzusetzen.« Veg-Info, 4 (2016) »Das interdisziplinäre Feld der Gastrosophie braucht Anstöße wie diese!« Jos Schnurer, www.socialnet.de, 05.09.2016 »Lemkes gelehrte Studie [...] ist eine reichhaltige Informationsquelle für alle, die an der Kulturgeschichte des Essens und Trinkens interessiert sind, und ein leidenschaftliches Plädoyer für eine kritische Gastrosophie, die für den Primat der Ethik vor der Politik eintritt, vor allem aber vor einer moralisch völlig entleerten Ökonomie.« Bio Nachrichten, 16/6 (2010) zur 1. Auflage »Der philosophische Diskurs der Gegenwart gewinnt hier eine Facette, die sich durch große Eigenständigkeit und Originalität auszeichnet.« Wilhelm Schmid, Mitteilungen des Internationalen Arbeitskreises für die Kulturforschung des Essens, 12 (2008) zur 1. Auflage »Das Buch vermag den eigenen Anspruch des Kochs und Gastgebers Lemke durchaus zu erfüllen: den Appetit der Leser auf das Thema zu wecken, ihren Erkenntnishunger zu befriedigen und [...] ein Überdenken ihrer gewohnten Urteils- und Essensweise anzustoßen.« Astrid von der Lühe, Journal Culinaire, 6 (2008) zur 1. Auflage »[Das Buch gibt] Anregungen an die Hand für eine ernährungsspezifische Selbstsorge, die das Nützliche des ethisch guten Essens mit dem Angenehmen kulinarischen Genießens verbindet.« Michael Wetzel, Deutschlandradio Kultur, 14.04.2008 zur 1. Auflage »Ganz offen bekundet Lemke seine Sympathie für Gastrosophie, die gutes Leben und gutes Essen für untrennbar hält.« Jakob Strobel y Serra, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 10.10.2007 zur 1. Auflage Besprochen in: DGE-info, 9 (2017) derStandard.at, 09.04.2018, Beate Hausbichler Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 08.03.2008 Kochen ohne Knochen, 32/2 (2018) Vier Viertel Kult, Winter 2019

Philosophie; Ethik; Ernährung; Essen; Lebensstil; Nachhaltigkeit; Kultur; Gastrosophie; Globalisierung; Globale Ungleichheit; Welternährung; Esskultur; Konsumethik; Philosophy; Ethics; Nutrition; Eating; Lifestyle; Sustainability; Culture; Gastrosophy; Globalization; Global Inequality; World Nutrition; Food Studies; Ethics of Consumption --- Culture. --- Eating. --- Ethics of Consumption. --- Ethics. --- Food Studies. --- Gastrosophy. --- Global Inequality. --- Globalization. --- Lifestyle. --- Nutrition. --- Sustainability. --- World Nutrition.