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Gut microbiota are an area recently targeted by modern biomedical research. In fact, during the last five years, there has been increasing evidence related to the role of gut microbiota as remarkable symbiotic partners critical for the maintenance of good health. Several factors cause alterations in gut microbiota which are, indeed, accompanied by alterations in the quality of health. Accordingly, gut microbiota dysbiosis has been related to increased susceptibilities to intestinal, cardiovascular, and nervous pathologies. In this manual, you will find the latest studies carried out in the field of microbiota. Overall, the contributions published in this Special Issue further strengthen the essential function of gut microbiota in health and in various diseases.

Public health & preventive medicine --- gut microbiota --- anti-TNFα --- Crohn’s disease --- Faecalibacterium prausnitzii --- Escherichia coli and Clostridium coccoides group --- obesity --- percutaneous electrical stimulation --- dermatome T6 --- microbiota --- probiotics --- resistance --- survivability --- gastrointestinal passage --- gut --- nicotinic acetylcholine receptors --- α7 and α9 nicotinic receptor subtypes --- cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway --- gut-brain axis --- gut microbiome --- dysbiosis --- inflammatory bowel disease --- COVID-19 --- dioxide titanium --- TiO2 --- E171 --- CI 77891 --- food additive --- gut barrier --- immunity --- toxicity --- diet --- memory --- attention --- gut–brain axis --- gastrointestinal microbiome --- fibromyalgia --- drug therapy --- neoplasms --- radiotherapy --- systematic review --- autoimmunity --- multiple sclerosis --- inflammation --- cytokines --- intestinal permeability --- disease modifying drugs --- food-derived opioids --- casomorphin --- gliadorphin --- opioid receptors --- A1 beta-casein --- beta-casomorphin-7 --- gut-to-brain --- microbiome --- DPP4 --- fecal microbiota --- isoflavones --- equol --- pyrosequencing --- menopause --- fatty acids --- stool --- stool collection --- Cambodia --- sample collection --- rural health --- collection kit --- allergy --- osteoporosis --- bone metabolism --- food allergy --- skeletal health --- osteoimmunology --- n/a --- Crohn's disease