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Remote sensing is the acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real-time sensing device(s), that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object (such as by way of aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, buoy, or ship). In practice, remote sensing is the stand-off collection through the use of a variety of devices for gathering information on a given object or area. Human existence is dependent on our ability to understand, utilize, manage and maintain the environment we live in - Geoscience is the science that seeks to achieve these goals. This book is a collection of contributions from world-class scientists, engineers and educators engaged in the fields of geoscience and remote sensing.

Geology. --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Geographical information systems (GIS) & remote sensing

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The study of human-environment relationships is one of the focal points of settlement and landscape archaeological research. Prehistoric and early historic settlement dynamics between favorable and unfavorable areas raise a number of questions regarding the triggering factors for the development and perception or use of landscapes with different agricultural conditions. The present study focuses on a theoretical and methodological examination of this complex of topics within German-speaking prehistoric archaeology as well as an investigation of prehistoric and early historic settlement dynamics using a case study from southwestern Germany. Based on an archaeological source critique, changes in land use on the Baar and in adjacent natural areas of the southeastern slopes of the Middle Black Forest and the Swabian Alb are recorded by means of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and discussed with findings from other regions under investigation. The database includes 1826 sites from the Paleolithic to the end of the High Middle Ages and is complemented by AMS radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples and OSL dating of sediment samples from colluvia. The synthesis of these archaeological and pedological data makes it possible to record the changing development and conceptualization of the Baar, the Black Forest, and the Swabian Alb. By considering theoretical approaches from anthropology and geography, alternative perspectives for the archaeological treatment of favorable and unfavorable spaces are revealed. Die Untersuchung von Mensch-Umwelt-Beziehungen gehört zu den Schwerpunkten der siedlungs- und landschaftsarchäologischen Forschung. Ur- und frühgeschichtliche Siedlungsdynamiken zwischen Gunst- und Ungunsträumen werfen eine Reihe von Fragen hinsichtlich der auslösenden Faktoren für die Erschließung und Wahrnehmung bzw. Nutzung von Landschaften mit unterschiedlichen agrarwirtschaftlichen Voraussetzungen auf. Im Fokus der vorliegenden Arbeit stehen eine theoretische und methodische Auseinandersetzung mit diesem Themenkomplex innerhalb der deutschsprachigen Prähistorischen Archäologie sowie eine Untersuchung von ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Siedlungsdynamiken anhand eines Fallbeispiels aus dem südwestdeutschen Raum. Ausgehend von einer archäologischen Quellenkritik werden mittels Geographischer Informationssysteme (GIS) Veränderungen in der Landnutzung auf der Baar und in angrenzenden Naturräumen der Südostabdachung des Mittleren Schwarzwaldes sowie der Schwäbischen Alb erfasst und mit Erkenntnissen aus anderen Untersuchungsregionen diskutiert. Die Datenbasis umfasst 1826 Fundstellen aus der Zeit vom Paläolithikum bis zum Ende des Hochmittelalters und wird durch AMS-Radiokarbondatierungen von Holzkohleproben und OSL-Datierungen von Sedimentproben aus Kolluvien ergänzt. Die Synthese dieser archäologischen und bodenkundlichen Daten ermöglicht es, die wechselnde Erschließung und Konzeptualisierung der Baar, des Schwarzwaldes und der Schwäbischen Alb zu erfassen. Durch die Berücksichtigung von theoretischen Ansätzen aus der Anthropologie und Geographie werden alternative Perspektiven für den archäologischen Umgang mit Gunst- und Ungunsträumen aufgezeigt.

Prehistoric archaeology --- Colluvial deposits --- Settlement archaeology --- Geographical information systems (GIS) --- Geoarchaeology --- Archaeological source criticism --- History of archaeological research --- Prehistoric land use --- Colluvial deposits --- Settlement archaeology --- Geographical information systems (GIS) --- Geoarchaeology --- Archaeological source criticism --- History of archaeological research --- Prehistoric land use

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The so-called data deluge, along with ever-increasing technological capabilities, tantalizes geographers with exciting opportunities for spatial data analysis. These opportunities come with challenges, because data and technology, alone, cannot address the pressing questions of our world. Spatial analysis, a.k.a. spatial statistics, is a lot more than colourful maps and attractive displays: still relatively underrepresented in the Italian geography, this discipline has grown from a strictly quantitative niche to part of a critical spatial science and continues to stimulate new developments in statistics because, as we know, spatial is special. This book, published in the series “New Geographies. Work Tools”, adds spatial analysis to the Italian geographer’s toolbox. Not a how-to manual, it presents some of the core analytical issues through the redundancy of narrative language and mathematical language. It traces the journey of spatial analysis from its roots in quantitative geography, GIS, and statistics, towards the definition of its own identity and the acceptance of its own relativity and limitations. It discusses the relationship of spatial analysis with GIScience and its efforts to embed critiques within its own discourse, emphasizing the role of theory, the importance of hypothesis testing, and acknowledging the ethics surrounding the use and analysis of data. A few examples illustrate practical implementations, showing the value added by spatial statistics in yielding reliable analyses that can support management decisions. It concludes with a brief outlook on the Italian geographic literature, where spatial analysis – like elsewhere – can play a role in competently accepting today’s opportunities and challenges, in a constructive dialogue within geography as a whole.

Geography --- Geographical information systems (GIS) & remote sensing --- Spatial analysis --- GIS --- spatial statistics --- critical spatial science --- geospatial analytics --- GIScience

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These proceedings represent a selection of some of the excellent papers and posters presented at the 45th annual Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA) conference which was held in Atlanta, Georgia (USA). The theme of the conference, as reflected in the title of this volume, was “Digital Archaeologies, Material Worlds (Past and Present).” We chose this theme to highlight the varying ways in which digital archaeologies are now practiced and how these practices are leading to new and exciting ways to share our data with interested publics. The papers in this volume are divided into the following themes: GIS, Education and Dissemination, Databases and Collaborative Data Management, Networks and Modelling, and Virtual and Augmented Realities.

archaeology --- digital archaeology --- cultural heritage --- Geographical information systems (GIS) --- 3D Visualization --- network analysis --- Databases --- virtual reality --- augmented reality

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This volume analyzes two natural landscape typologies of Slovenia using quantitative methods and data layers. Based on two existing manually outlined typologies, several modeled natural landscape typologies were then produced using selected data layers and different geo-information tools. The main part of the analysis is focused on studying the compatibility of the modeled and original natural landscape typologies and on how successfully the original typologies can be reproduced using numerical models. By comparing the models and originals, it was also possible to establish the locations of the types that have been classified (confirmed) the same by different methods and those that have not been confirmed by any model. In conclusion, the volume presents findings on the use of GIS for identifying natural landscape types in Slovenia and proposes specific procedures for classifying Slovenia or other areas into natural landscape types and procedures for their evaluation. This volume also presents examples of various regionalizations and typologies, and lists available digital data layers and geo-information tools that can be used to make various typologies. V monografiji je predstavljena analiza dveh obstoječih naravnopokrajinskih tipizacij Slovenije z različnimi kvantitativnimi metodami in podatkovnimi sloji. V praktičnem delu raziskave smo s štirimi podatkovnimi sloji in različnimi geoinformacijskimi orodji na podlagi dveh obstoječih, ročno začrtanih tipizacij izdelali več modeliranih naravnopokrajinskih tipizacij. Osrednji del analize je namreč osredotočen na preučevanje usklajenosti modeliranih in izvirnih naravnopokrajinskih tipizacij oziroma na vprašanje, kako uspešno lahko izdelavo izvirnih tipizacij ponovimo s številskimi modeli. S primerjavo modelov in izvirnikov smo ugotovili, kje v Sloveniji so območja posameznih tipov, ki so po različnih metodah klasificirana (potrjena) enako, in kje so območja tipov, ki jih ni potrdil noben model. Na koncu so navedene tudi ugotovitve o uporabi GIS-ov za določanje naravnih pokrajinskih tipov Slovenije ter predlagani postopki tipizacije Slovenije ali drugih območij na naravne pokrajinske tipe in postopki za njihovo vrednotenje. V knjigi smo navedli tudi primere regionalizacij in tipizacij ter dostopne podatkovne sloje in orodja, s katerimi lahko izdelamo tipizacije.

Slovenia --- Geographical information systems (GIS) & remote sensing --- geographic information systems --- geographical typology --- landscapes --- typology --- geografska tipologija --- geografski informacijski sistemi --- krajine --- Slovenija --- tipologija