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Fungal natural products are friends and foes of humans such as deleterious mycotoxins, cytotoxic, carcinogenic compounds or beneficial compounds such as antibiotics, fungicides, insecticides, antiviral and antitumor metabolites. Understanding fungal diversity and estimation of fungal species on our planet poses a great challenge to researchers. This complexity is further multiplied by secondary metabolite diversity of fungi, which requires interdisciplinary studies. It is extremely important to understand the fungal secondary metabolism to stop human, animal and plant diseases caused by fungi and harvest their valuable metabolites. Furthermore, many secondary metabolite gene clusters are silenced under laboratory conditions. It is vital to develop effective methods to activate those clusters in order to discover novel potent metabolites. This e-book is a compilation of original review articles contributed by leading fungal secondary metabolite researchers with a wide range of expertise. Important aspects of fungal secondary metabolism, including regulation, genome mining, evolution, synthetic biology and novel methods have been discussed. This book will be a great source to those people, who are interested in understanding overall structure, diversity and regulation of production of these tiny but precious chemicals.

Fungi --- mushrooms --- Natural Products --- silent clusters --- Gene clusters --- secondary metabolism --- Mycotoxins --- Molds --- antibiotics --- genome mining

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In recent years, marine genomics has become a growning rapidly field, helped by the large amount of information that is becoming available to the international scientific community. Taking into account the current excitement in the field of marine biotechnology, this Special Issue entitled “Genome Mining and Synthetic Biology in Marine Natural Product Discovery” aims to to assess the impact of these molecular approaches on the discovery of bioactive compounds from marine organisms. The term “genome mining” is used to identify all bioinformatic investigations aimed at detecting the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive natural products and their possible functional and chemical interactions. Several studies are now reporting on marine organisms. Oceans cover nearly 70% of the Earth’s surface and host a huge ecological, chemical, and biological diversity. The natural conditions of the sea favor, in marine organisms, the production of a large variety of novel molecules with great pharmaceutical potential. Marine organisms are unique in their structural and functional features compared to terrestrial ones. Innovation in this field is very rapid, as revealed by the funding of several Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) and Horizon 2020 projects under the topic “Blue Growth”, with the urgent goal of discovering new drugs.

Technology: general issues --- genome mining --- global regulator --- LaeA --- overexpression --- Penicillium dipodomyis --- sorbicillinoids --- ulvan-derived oligosaccharides --- ulvan lyase --- heterologous expression --- polysaccharide lyase family 25 --- whole-genome sequencing --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- polyunsaturated fatty acid --- fatty acid synthesis pathway --- polyketide synthase pathway --- bacteria --- fungi --- natural products --- synthetic biology --- microalgae --- monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase --- UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase --- sulfoquinovosyltransferase --- monogalactosyldiacylglycerols --- sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols --- transcriptome analysis --- genome mining --- global regulator --- LaeA --- overexpression --- Penicillium dipodomyis --- sorbicillinoids --- ulvan-derived oligosaccharides --- ulvan lyase --- heterologous expression --- polysaccharide lyase family 25 --- whole-genome sequencing --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- polyunsaturated fatty acid --- fatty acid synthesis pathway --- polyketide synthase pathway --- bacteria --- fungi --- natural products --- synthetic biology --- microalgae --- monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase --- UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase --- sulfoquinovosyltransferase --- monogalactosyldiacylglycerols --- sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols --- transcriptome analysis

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In recent years, marine genomics has become a growning rapidly field, helped by the large amount of information that is becoming available to the international scientific community. Taking into account the current excitement in the field of marine biotechnology, this Special Issue entitled “Genome Mining and Synthetic Biology in Marine Natural Product Discovery” aims to to assess the impact of these molecular approaches on the discovery of bioactive compounds from marine organisms. The term “genome mining” is used to identify all bioinformatic investigations aimed at detecting the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive natural products and their possible functional and chemical interactions. Several studies are now reporting on marine organisms. Oceans cover nearly 70% of the Earth’s surface and host a huge ecological, chemical, and biological diversity. The natural conditions of the sea favor, in marine organisms, the production of a large variety of novel molecules with great pharmaceutical potential. Marine organisms are unique in their structural and functional features compared to terrestrial ones. Innovation in this field is very rapid, as revealed by the funding of several Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) and Horizon 2020 projects under the topic “Blue Growth”, with the urgent goal of discovering new drugs.

genome mining --- global regulator --- LaeA --- overexpression --- Penicillium dipodomyis --- sorbicillinoids --- ulvan-derived oligosaccharides --- ulvan lyase --- heterologous expression --- polysaccharide lyase family 25 --- whole-genome sequencing --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- polyunsaturated fatty acid --- fatty acid synthesis pathway --- polyketide synthase pathway --- bacteria --- fungi --- natural products --- synthetic biology --- microalgae --- monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase --- UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase --- sulfoquinovosyltransferase --- monogalactosyldiacylglycerols --- sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols --- transcriptome analysis --- n/a

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This Special Issue of Marine Drugs, entitled “Bioactive Marine Heterocyclic Compounds”, aimed to collect excellent original research articles and reviews focused on the isolation of new heterocyclic marine natural products, total synthesis, synthetic modification, or on finding important bioactivities of known heterocyclic marine natural products. As a result, five original papers on isolation and one synthetic study of metabolites from marine-derived bioorganisms or a marine sponge, along with one review paper on thiazole-based peptides, were published. I am proud to show these most recent works of outstanding scientists in this field and hope this Special issue will affect new drug developments or innovation in the future.

Medicine --- altercrasins --- Alternaria sp. --- Anthocidaris crassispina --- decalin derivatives --- cytotoxicity --- mangrove plant --- endophytic fungus --- Cladosporium cladosporioides --- polyketides --- antimicrobial activity --- acetylcholinesterase --- enzymatic inhibitory activity --- genome sequencing --- gene disruption --- lobophorin --- metabolic engineering --- genome mining --- solid-state fermentation --- solid-state extraction --- Chrysosporium lobatum --- marine fungi --- phenalenone derivatives --- antibiotics --- natural product --- P. gingivalis --- methicillin-resistant S. aureus --- azole-based peptide --- marine sponge --- peptide synthesis --- cyanobacteria --- thiazole --- bioactivity --- agesasines --- bromopyrrole alkaloid --- Agelas

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Two review papers, eight research articles, and one brief report were published in this Special Issue. They showed the rich resources that are present within the genomes of marine microorganisms and discussed the use of recently developed tools and technologies to exploit this genetic richness. Examples include the rational supply of precursors according to the relevant biosynthetic pathway and stress driven discovery together with the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors to facilitate the discovery of new bioactive molecules with potential biopharmaceutical applications. We believe that the content of this Special Issue reflects the current state-of-the-art research in this area and highlights the interesting strategies that are being employed to uncover increasing numbers of exciting novel compounds for drug discovery from marine genetic resources.

antibacterial activity --- polyketide synthase --- halo-extremophyles --- antibacterial --- gene cluster --- Penicillium chrysogenum --- bacillomycin --- secondary metabolites --- drug discovery --- biosynthesis --- polycyclic tetramate macrolactams --- actinobacteria --- biosynthetic gene clusters --- phylotype --- comparative genomics --- IclR family regulator --- polyketide antibiotics --- antifungal --- fatty acid amide --- Antarctica --- marine microorganisms --- NdgRyo --- nonribosomal peptides --- Marisediminicola --- genome mining --- antimicrobial --- sponge --- Stachybotrys --- carotenoid --- marine --- archaea --- haloenzymes --- natural products --- Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 40010 --- 16S rRNA metagenomics --- ecotype --- medicinal chemistry --- cytotoxicity --- marine natural products (MNPs) --- Streptomyces --- marine Bacillus --- antimicrobial activity --- amino compound --- bacillibactin --- meroterpenoid --- fibrinolytic activity --- metal stress technique --- isoindolinone biosynthesis --- Streptomyces pratensis --- histone-deacetylase inhibitor --- marine natural product --- Odiel marshlands