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The discovery of microRNAs has revealed an unexpected and spectacular additional level of fine tuning of the genome and how genes are used again and again in different combinations to generate the complexity that underlies for instance the brain. Since the initial studies performed in C.elegans, we have gone a far way to begin to understand how microRNA pathways can have an impact on health and disease in human. Although microRNAs are abundantly expressed in the brain, relatively little is known about the multiple functions of these RNA molecules in the nervous system. Nevertheless, we know already that microRNA pathways play major roles in the proliferation, differentiation, function and maintenance of neuronal cells. Several intriguing studies have linked microRNAs as major regulators of the neuronal phenotype, and have implicated specific microRNAs in the regulation of synapse formation and plasticity. Dysfunction of microRNA pathways is also slowly emerging as a potential important contributor to the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. These novel insights appear to be particular promising for the understanding of the very frequent and badly understood sporadic forms of these diseases as compared to the genetic forms. Thus, the better understanding of the implications of this novel field of molecular biology is crucial for the broad area of neurosciences, from the fundamental aspects to the clinic, and from novel diagnostic to potentially therapeutic applications for severe neurological and maybe psychiatric diseases.

Genetics --- Molecular biology --- Neuropathology --- neurologie --- genexpressie

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Genetics --- Histology. Cytology --- Molecular biology --- cytologie --- histologie --- moleculaire biologie --- genexpressie

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Genetics --- Histology. Cytology --- Molecular biology --- cytologie --- histologie --- moleculaire biologie --- genexpressie

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Modern medicine is increasingly focused on integrating the results of basic scientific research and clinical research, translational medicine  to provide improved patient care. This collaborative approach which is a two way street  has proven very useful in various fields in cardiovascular medicine.     Translational Vascular Medicine: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment provides extensive information on new and exciting advances in such topics as surgery and non-pharmacological treatments for atherosclerotic disease of the aorta, pulmonary arterial hypertension, cytoprotective mechanisms in the vasculature, and the Broken Heart Syndrome . The Editors and their expert panel of contributors have explored the bi-directional and integrated approaches of translational cardiovascular medicine, linking basic science to patient care.   This book is a highly useful method to understand these complex topics and provides considerable insight into important areas of translational cardiovascular medicine and key bibliographies for the reader.

Genetics --- Molecular biology --- Human physiology --- Pathology of the circulatory system --- cardiologie --- fysiologie --- moleculaire biologie --- genexpressie

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The silencing of gene expression by small interfering RNAs has been recognized for only a relatively short time, but this has transformed our understanding of both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanisms. Multiple pathways culminate in formation of an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) containing a member of the Argonaute protein family bound to a 22-nt RNA strand that interacts with a target mRNA or gene through Watson-Crick base pairing. One consequence is mRNA-specific inhibition of protein synthesis. Evidence has been presented for diverse mechanisms, but there is not universal agreement in the field of how RISCs affect the translational machinery. The chapters collected in this volume represent contribution by leaders in the search to understand how miRNAs affect translation. They include chapters representing work in plants and Caenorhabditis elegans, the biological systems that originally led to the discovery of small interfering RNAs, but also include chapters on mammalian systems, with special emphasis on regulation of a key tumor suppressor and a protein that restricts human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).

Genetics --- Histology. Cytology --- General biochemistry --- Molecular biology --- biochemie --- cytologie --- histologie --- moleculaire biologie --- genexpressie