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Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory bowel disease resulting in considerable morbidity and reduced quality of life. Although still under intense debate, CD seems to result from an enhanced and uncontrolled immune response to the gut microbiota. CD is thought to be multifactorial depending on genetic and environmental determinants. In recent years, nearly 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with increased risk of developing CD (some of the SNPs also associated with susceptibility to ulcerative colitis, another type of IBD). These SNPs are mostly located in genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms, such as autophagy, expression of pattern-recognition receptors and citokine signaling. Epigenetics is also probably playing a role in CD susceptibility, as it is sensitive to environmental conditions and may mediate gene-environment interactions. Environmental factors possibly involved in CD development include diet, gut microbiota composition and infection with specific pathogens, of which the most consistently associated to CD are Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and adherent-invasive Escherichia coli. This Topic aimed at bringing together contributions covering different genetic, epigenetic, immunological and microbial processes involved in the development of CD, helping to drive forward the understanding of CD immunopahtology.

intestinal microbiota --- mucosal immune system --- Crohn's disease --- T cells --- gene polymorphisms --- epigenetics --- mutritional modulation

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Polymorphism, Genetic. --- Asthma --- Metalloendopeptidases --- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide. --- Airway Obstruction --- SNPs --- Single Nucleotide Polymorphism --- Nucleotide Polymorphism, Single --- Nucleotide Polymorphisms, Single --- Polymorphisms, Single Nucleotide --- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms --- Genetic Polymorphisms --- Genetic Polymorphism --- Polymorphism (Genetics) --- Polymorphisms, Genetic --- genetics. --- etiology. --- Theses --- Polymorphisms (Genetics) --- Gene Polymorphism --- Gene Polymorphisms --- Polymorphism, Gene --- Polymorphisms, Gene --- Polymorphism, Genetic --- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide --- genetics --- etiology

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Pathological haematology --- Blood Group Antigens. --- Disease --- Disease. --- Polymorphism, Genetic. --- Blood groups --- Diseases --- -Genetic polymorphisms --- Medical genetics --- Clinical genetics --- Heredity of disease --- Human genetics --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Genetic disorders --- Polymorphisms, Genetic --- Population genetics --- Human beings --- Illness --- Illnesses --- Morbidity --- Sickness --- Sicknesses --- Medicine --- Epidemiology --- Health --- Sick --- Blood --- Blood types --- Groups, Blood --- Types, Blood --- Heredity --- Physical anthropology --- Paternity testing --- Genetic Polymorphisms --- Genetic Polymorphism --- Polymorphism (Genetics) --- Blood Groups --- Antigens, Blood Group --- Isoantibodies --- etiology. --- Causes and theories of causation --- Genetic aspects --- Groups --- Examination --- Agglutination --- Transfusion --- Blood groups. --- Genetic polymorphisms. --- Medical genetics. --- Causes and theories of causation. --- Antigens, CD44 --- Genetic polymorphisms --- Blood Group Antigens --- Polymorphism, Genetic --- Polymorphisms (Genetics) --- Hyaluronan Receptors --- Aetiology --- Etiology --- etiology --- Gene Polymorphism --- Gene Polymorphisms --- Polymorphism, Gene --- Polymorphisms, Gene --- Blood Group --- Blood Group Antigen --- Antigen, Blood Group --- Group Antigen, Blood --- Group, Blood

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This book includes a compilation of papers published in 2020 and 2021 focused on dual disorders, which are found in significant and growing numbers in both substance addiction and mental health clinics. These contributions assume a broad perspective ranging from exposure to genetic and neurobiological elements to factors such as personality and quality of life. In all cases, these papers aimed to be transferred to and to benefit clinical practice.

Medicine --- Mental health services --- temperament --- character --- personality --- substance use disorder --- schizophrenia --- dual schizophrenia --- psychiatric symptoms --- global functioning --- dual disorders --- addiction --- sleep --- risk factors --- Substance-use disorder --- substance-related disorders --- alcohol use disorder --- post-traumatic stress disorder --- childhood trauma --- psychiatric disorders --- rehabilitation centers --- impulsive behavior --- addictive disorders --- flaws --- conceptual framework --- concurrent disorder --- co-occurring disorder --- dual diagnosis --- dual pathology --- addiction comorbidity --- comorbid substance abuse --- comorbid illicit use --- comorbid addiction --- comorbid mental illness --- coexisting mental illness --- psychological trauma --- posttraumatic stress disorder --- substance use disorders --- prevalence --- primary major depression --- alcohol induced major depression --- biomarkers --- comorbidity --- clinical characteristics --- GWAS --- dual disorders (DD) --- insomnia --- sleep disorders (SD) --- benzodiazepine use disorder (BUD) --- health-related quality of life --- major depressive disorder --- dual depression --- relapses --- polysubstance addictions --- gene polymorphisms --- primary/substance-induced depression --- cocaine use disorder --- tryptophan --- serotonin --- kynurenine --- cannabis --- cannabis use disorder --- n/a

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This book includes a compilation of papers published in 2020 and 2021 focused on dual disorders, which are found in significant and growing numbers in both substance addiction and mental health clinics. These contributions assume a broad perspective ranging from exposure to genetic and neurobiological elements to factors such as personality and quality of life. In all cases, these papers aimed to be transferred to and to benefit clinical practice.

Medicine --- Mental health services --- temperament --- character --- personality --- substance use disorder --- schizophrenia --- dual schizophrenia --- psychiatric symptoms --- global functioning --- dual disorders --- addiction --- sleep --- risk factors --- Substance-use disorder --- substance-related disorders --- alcohol use disorder --- post-traumatic stress disorder --- childhood trauma --- psychiatric disorders --- rehabilitation centers --- impulsive behavior --- addictive disorders --- flaws --- conceptual framework --- concurrent disorder --- co-occurring disorder --- dual diagnosis --- dual pathology --- addiction comorbidity --- comorbid substance abuse --- comorbid illicit use --- comorbid addiction --- comorbid mental illness --- coexisting mental illness --- psychological trauma --- posttraumatic stress disorder --- substance use disorders --- prevalence --- primary major depression --- alcohol induced major depression --- biomarkers --- comorbidity --- clinical characteristics --- GWAS --- dual disorders (DD) --- insomnia --- sleep disorders (SD) --- benzodiazepine use disorder (BUD) --- health-related quality of life --- major depressive disorder --- dual depression --- relapses --- polysubstance addictions --- gene polymorphisms --- primary/substance-induced depression --- cocaine use disorder --- tryptophan --- serotonin --- kynurenine --- cannabis --- cannabis use disorder