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This volume presents the most recent advances in techniques for studying the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression (PTR). With sections on bioinformatics approaches, expression profiling, the protein and RNA interactome, the mRNA lifecycle, and RNA modifications, the book guides molecular biologists toward harnessing the power of this new generation of techniques, while also introducing the data analysis skills that these high-throughput techniques require. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, Post-Transcriptional Gene Regulation, Third Edition serves as a versatile resource for researchers studying post-transcriptional regulation by both introducing the most recent techniques and providing a comprehensive guide to their implementation. Chapter 6 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Biology—Technique. --- Gene expression. --- Genetic transcription. --- Gene Expression Analysis. --- Gene Transcription. --- Transcription (Genetics) --- Genetic code --- Genes --- Genetic regulation --- Expression

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Salt has emerged as a top-ranking threat for agriculture because of the raising awareness of the consequences imposed by climate change. Indeed, sea level rises at an alarming rate and the proportion of saline soils in the world increases dramatically. This is particularly the case in arid and semi-arid regions, where the lack of appropriate irrigation exacerbates soil salinization. In this context, developing sustainable agricultural practices that can counteract the deleterious effects of abiotic stresses has become a top priority.
The constant search of new methods to alleviate the negative effect of stresses in plants has motivated the experimentation of new technologies such as nanotechnologies. It is in this context that the use of a hybrid Si NanoParticles based Biocourier (Si-NPs) acting as a delivery system has been proposed here. Si NanoParticles-based formulations functionalised with quercetin, a plant bioactive, were applied on salt-stressed tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv MicroTom) by foliar spraying to investigate whether they conferred protection against salinity.
Microscopic analysis of salt-stressed tomato plants leaves showed an accumulation of anthocyanins in the abaxial side, as well as smaller xylem vessels and mesophyll cells with a “wrinkly” appearance. The expression of several stress-responsive genes was measured in different leaflets sampled at different heights and positions along the rachis to determine whether changes in stress response could be measured among the different organs. The expression of a set of genes showing the highest induction upon salt stress (200 mM NaCl) was then measured in plants treated with formulations containing Si-NPs functionalised or not with quercetin. Si-NPs containing quercetin helped maintain the cellular structure under salt-stress, especially in the palisade parenchyma. Additionally, a trend towards a decreased expression of stress-responsive genes was observed in the leaves treated with the Si-NPs formulations containing quercetin.
In conclusion, Si-NPs loaded with quercetin showed promising results to enhance abiotic stress resistance in tomato through the mitigation of stress symptoms. Additional studies are required to further elucidate the action of Si-NPs on plant physiology. La salinisation des sols s'est présentée au cours des dernières années comme une des principales menaces qui courent sur l'agriculture, faisant fortement diminuer les rendements agricoles des principales semences à fort intérêt économique. Celle-ci est notamment une conséquence du réchauffement climatique qui provoque la montée du niveau des océans à un rythme effréné, ainsi qu'aux mauvaises pratiques d'irrigation, notamment dans les régions arides et semi-arides du globe. Devant ces constatations, il devient donc urgent de développer de nouveaux moyens pour garantir une agriculture durable qui serait à même de faire face aux effets délétères induits par le réchauffement climatique.
Le besoin perpétuel de trouver de nouvelles manières d'accroître la résistance des plantes aux stress abiotiques a mené à l'utilisation de nouvelles technologies telles que les nanotechnologies. C'est dans cette optique que l'utilisation de formulations hybrides à base de NanoParticules de Si (Si-NPs) servant comme transporteur spécifique de composés bioactifs tels que la quercétine et permettant leur relargage contrôlé a ici été expérimentée. Des plants de tomates (Solanum lycopersicum cv Micro-Tom) soumis à un stress salin ont alors été traités avec ces formulations appliquées par voie foliaire pour déterminer leur efficacité à protéger les plantes des méfaits du sel.
L'analyse microscopique des coupes de feuilles de plants de tomates a montré que l'accumulation d'anthocyanines et l'endommagement des tissus mésophylles et vasculaires étaient les principaux effets dus au stress salin visibles à l'échelle microscopique. L'expression de différents gènes identifiés comme étant réactifs aux conditions de stress a été mesurée dans différentes folioles des feuilles composées de la tomate échantillonnées à différentes hauteurs de la plante et à différentes positions sur le pétiole afin de déterminer la réponse au stress dans ces différents organes. Suite à cela, l'expression des gènes les plus réactifs a été mesurée en traitant les plantes avec les formulations à base de Si-NPs. Ces dernières chargées de quercétine ont permis à la plante de maintenir son intégrité cellulaires en conditions salines, notamment au niveau de son parenchyme palissadique, tout en voyant une tendance de l'induction de l'expression des gènes les plus réactifs à être réduite.
En conclusion, les formulations à base de Si-NPs et chargées de quercétine ont présenté des résultats prometteurs permettant d'accroître la résistance de plants de tomates aux stress abiotiques via la réduction des symptômes dus au stress. Cependant, de plus amples recherches sont toujours nécessaires afin de mieux comprendre les mécaniques d'action des Si-NPs sur les plantes.

Salt-stress --- Micro-Tom --- Si nanoparticle formulations --- Quercetin --- Gene expression analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Sciences du vivant > Biochimie, biophysique & biologie moléculaire

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This volume provides an up-to-date collection of protocols describing some of the key methods to investigate the integrated stress response (ISR), a vital evolutionarily conserved mechanism that enables eukaryotic cells to adapt to stress conditions and alter their gene expression programs. The content of the book is split between techniques to analyze mRNA translation regulation and methods to analyze interaction networks and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, The Integrated Stress Response: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide to help accelerate research into the complex and fascinating biology of the ISR.

Cytology. --- Stress (Physiology). --- Biology—Technique. --- Gene expression. --- Cellular Stress. --- Gene Expression Analysis. --- Cell Biology. --- Genes --- Genetic regulation --- Physiological stress --- Tension (Physiology) --- Adaptation (Biology) --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Expression

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Extreme climatic events, such as intense and prolonged droughts and heat waves, are occurring with increasing frequency and with pronounced impacts on forests. Forest trees, as long-lived organisms, need to develop adaptation mechanisms to successfully respond to such climatic extremes. Whether physiological adaptations on the tree level result in ecophysiological responses that ensure plasticity of forest ecosystems to climate change is currently in the core forest research. Within this Special Issue, forest species’ responses to climatic variability were reported from diverse climatic zones and ecosystem types: from near-desert mountains in western USA to tropical forests in central America and Asia, and from Mediterranean ecosystems to temperate European forests. The clear effects of constraints related to climate change were evidenced on the tree level, such as in differentiated gene expression, metabolite abundance, sap flow rates, photosynthetic performance, seed germination, survival and growth, while on the ecosystem level, tree line shifts, temporal shifts in allocation of resources and species shifts were identified. Experimental schemes such as common gardens and provenance trails also provided long-term indications on the tolerance of forest species against drought and warming and serve to evaluate their performance under the predicted climate in near future. These findings enhance our knowledge on the potential resilience of forest species and ecosystems to climate change and provide an updated basis for continuing research on this topic.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- Cedrela odorata --- seeds --- germination --- cardinal temperatures --- thermal time --- climate change --- dendrochronology --- ecology --- moving window analysis --- Pinaceae --- Pinus arizonica Engelm. --- Pinus ponderosa var. brachyptera (Engelm.) --- Ponderosae --- response function --- tree rings --- global climate change --- forest ecology --- trees adaptation --- phenotypic plasticity --- Phoebe bournei --- nitrogen --- carbon dioxide --- photosynthesis --- leaf anatomy --- National Park --- tree line shift --- acclimation --- adaptation --- common garden --- drought --- ecodistance --- mortality --- stomatal frequency --- stomatal size --- sap flux --- radial profile --- sapwood depth --- Aleppo pine --- diurnal variation --- seasonal variation --- climate --- basal area increment --- forest dieback --- Mediterranean forest --- stem growth --- water availability --- Quercus --- morphology evaluation --- survival rate --- extreme frost --- heat and drought --- open-top chamber --- RNA sequencing --- gene expression analysis --- Populus --- n/a

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Evolutionary biology has witnessed breathtaking advances in recent years. Some of its most exciting insights have come from the crossover of disciplines as varied as paleontology, molecular biology, ecology, and genetics. This book brings together many of today's pioneers in evolutionary biology to describe the latest advances and explain why a cross-disciplinary and integrated approach to research questions is so essential. Contributors discuss the origins of biological diversity, mechanisms of evolutionary change at the molecular and developmental levels, morphology and behavior, and the ecology of adaptive radiations and speciation. They highlight the mutual dependence of organisms and their environments, and reveal the different strategies today's researchers are using in the field and laboratory to explore this interdependence. Peter and Rosemary Grant--renowned for their influential work on Darwin's finches in the Galápagos--provide concise introductions to each section and identify the key questions future research needs to address. In addition to the editors, the contributors are Myra Awodey, Christopher N. Balakrishnan, Rowan D. H. Barrett, May R. Berenbaum, Paul M. Brakefield, Philip J. Currie, Scott V. Edwards, Douglas J. Emlen, Joshua B. Gross, Hopi E. Hoekstra, Richard Hudson, David Jablonski, David T. Johnston, Mathieu Joron, David Kingsley, Andrew H. Knoll, Mimi A. R. Koehl, June Y. Lee, Jonathan B. Losos, Isabel Santos Magalhaes, Albert B. Phillimore, Trevor Price, Dolph Schluter, Ole Seehausen, Clifford J. Tabin, John N. Thompson, and David B. Wake.

Evolution (Biology) --- Angraecum striatum. --- Barombi Mbo lake. --- Beipiaosaurus inexpectus. --- Bicyclus anynana. --- Caudipteryx dongi. --- Confuciusornis. --- Darwinian evolution. --- Deinonychus. --- Fisherian selection. --- Gasterosteus. --- Greya mitellae. --- Hawaii. --- Herrerasaurus. --- Heucherina. --- adaptive loss. --- adaptive radiation. --- adaptive walk. --- allospecies. --- amber fossils. --- antagonism. --- ascertainment bias. --- beetle horns. --- behavior. --- behavioral ecology. --- biodiversity problem. --- biomechanics. --- biotic drift. --- bounded diffusion. --- bryozoans. --- catastrophism. --- coalescent model. --- colonization. --- commensalism. --- convergent evolution. --- cultural inheritance. --- ecogenomics. --- ecological diversity. --- ecological factors. --- epistasis. --- extended phenotype. --- field experiments. --- field studies. --- freshwater fish. --- gene expression analysis. --- genetic mapping. --- genomics era. --- habitat effects. --- host shifts. --- hybridization. --- hypomorphic mutations. --- imaginal discs.