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For this Special Issue book, ten papers focusing on novel bioactive molecules from different marine microorganisms, including fungi, cyanobacteria, actinobacteria and diatoms, were selected. The isolated biomolecules represent different structures and showed anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and enzyme-inhibiting activities. One of the papers is a review article on microviridins, a class of bioactive cyanobacterial peptides.

marine-derived fungus --- Aspergillus terreus --- thiodiketopiperazines --- dihydroisocoumarins --- Epicoccum nigrum --- deep-sea-derived fungus --- diketopiperazine enantiomers --- cytotocxic activity --- diatoms --- marine biotechnology --- anti-inflammatory --- drug discovery --- Cylindrotheca closterium --- mangrove Streptomyces --- genetic dereplication --- anti-microbial --- antiproliferative --- endophyte fungus --- Aspergillus versicolor --- diketopiperazines --- ECD calculation --- enantiomers --- bianthraquinones --- meroterpenoids --- anti-inflammatory activity --- Stemphylium sp. --- cyanobacteria --- nostocyclopeptides --- Nostoc --- ncp gene cluster --- nonribosomal peptide synthetase --- aeruginosamides --- Limnoraphis --- cytotoxicity --- oligopeptide --- microviridin --- biotechnology --- ecology --- Penicillium citrinum --- chromone derivatives --- anti-cancer activity

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Two review papers, eight research articles, and one brief report were published in this Special Issue. They showed the rich resources that are present within the genomes of marine microorganisms and discussed the use of recently developed tools and technologies to exploit this genetic richness. Examples include the rational supply of precursors according to the relevant biosynthetic pathway and stress driven discovery together with the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors to facilitate the discovery of new bioactive molecules with potential biopharmaceutical applications. We believe that the content of this Special Issue reflects the current state-of-the-art research in this area and highlights the interesting strategies that are being employed to uncover increasing numbers of exciting novel compounds for drug discovery from marine genetic resources.

antibacterial activity --- polyketide synthase --- halo-extremophyles --- antibacterial --- gene cluster --- Penicillium chrysogenum --- bacillomycin --- secondary metabolites --- drug discovery --- biosynthesis --- polycyclic tetramate macrolactams --- actinobacteria --- biosynthetic gene clusters --- phylotype --- comparative genomics --- IclR family regulator --- polyketide antibiotics --- antifungal --- fatty acid amide --- Antarctica --- marine microorganisms --- NdgRyo --- nonribosomal peptides --- Marisediminicola --- genome mining --- antimicrobial --- sponge --- Stachybotrys --- carotenoid --- marine --- archaea --- haloenzymes --- natural products --- Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 40010 --- 16S rRNA metagenomics --- ecotype --- medicinal chemistry --- cytotoxicity --- marine natural products (MNPs) --- Streptomyces --- marine Bacillus --- antimicrobial activity --- amino compound --- bacillibactin --- meroterpenoid --- fibrinolytic activity --- metal stress technique --- isoindolinone biosynthesis --- Streptomyces pratensis --- histone-deacetylase inhibitor --- marine natural product --- Odiel marshlands

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According to the presented studies, the health condition of animals in rearing and breeding should be regularly monitored. This would allow early detection of delicate deviations in the body of clinically healthy individuals. Unfortunately, regular monitoring of the health of animals in commercial production is not performed. It follows that this type of research should be an introduction to further, more inquisitive steps. This can form the basis for further courses of action, indicating which organs or tissues field doctors or researchers should be interested in and what to pay attention to in order to find the correct answer, concerning the situation in the animal body. In the future, we should determine biomedical markers for use in precision veterinary medicine. In human medicine, this has been practiced with great success. The problem, however, is that we are getting to know more and more substances produced by mold fungi. This causes a build-up of new interpretative problems, causing health conditions (diagnosis), as well as analytical problems. To fully understand the results we need new techniques to assess toxicological and chemical hazards, including those related to undesirable substances. We need a solid knowledge of the biological pathways underlying the toxicity and tolerance to interference factors toxicological processes. We hope that the presented study will allow for a better understanding of mycotoxicoses that bother us and our animals, which will allow for more effective preventive actions.

zearalenone --- low doses --- steroid hormones --- biotransformation --- pre-pubertal gilts --- modified mycotoxin --- co-occurrence --- corn silage --- CIEB --- WST-1 --- NR --- SRB --- sphingolipid metabolism --- Sa/So --- global survey --- finished pig feed --- emerging mycotoxins --- DON --- toxicity --- combined toxicity --- IPEC-1 --- deoxynivalenol --- IPEC-J2 --- cell damage --- NF-κB inflammatory signal pathway --- pet food --- Fusarium --- ergosterol --- mycotoxins --- trichothecenes --- fumonisin B1 --- HPLC --- bioavailability --- estradiol --- testosterone --- blood concentration --- dairy --- aflatoxin --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- aflatoxin M1 --- GALT --- oxidative stress --- cytokine --- metabolism --- Cordyceps fungi --- mass production --- biosynthetic gene cluster --- safety --- enteric nervous system --- gastrointestinal tract --- mammals --- animal pathology --- intestines --- toxins --- feed --- histology --- ultrastructure --- pig --- hepatocyte --- liver --- synbiotics --- turkeys --- intestinal microbiota --- fecal enzymes --- ochratoxin A --- n/a

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Summary of Genes. Thirty years ago, the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis (CF), a recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene, was identified. This progress has considerably changed our understanding of the pathophysiology of CF and has paved the way for the development of novel and specific therapies for the disease. The CFTR gene contains 27 exons and is characterized by a frequent three base pair deletion of the p.Phe508del. As a result of collaborative work, today more than 2000 mutations have been reported in the gene, and their impact on protein function is now more evident and useful in designing new strategies to correct the gene defect. The field of gene therapy, as illustrated by Ziying Yan in this book, has worked on identifying an efficient vector system for the delivery of the wild-type CFTR gene to the lung. At the same time, animal models have been developed in mice, rats, rabbits, zebrafish, ferrets, and pigs to establish the efficacity of gene delivery. These animals are also of the utmost importance in testing new molecules as modulators or correctors to improve the CFTR lung function. During the last three decades, the epidemiology of CF has dramatically changed, as today cystic fibrosis is now a chronic adult pulmonary disease.

Medicine --- cystic fibrosis --- Staphylococcus aureus --- superantigen --- enterotoxin gene cluster --- MRSA --- exosomes --- microvesicles --- lung --- primary cells --- newborn screening --- trypsinogen --- CFTR gene --- next generation sequencing --- health policy --- rAAV2/HBoV1 --- baculovirus --- insect cells --- lung microbiome --- metagenomics --- gut–lung axis --- Cystic fibrosis --- CFTR --- transcriptomics --- proteostasis --- small molecules --- drug development --- common and new pathogenic variants --- ethnic Russian population --- gene therapy --- cyclophosphamide --- transient immunosuppression --- incidence --- survival --- genotype-phenotype correlations --- health policies --- CFTR modulators --- human nasal epithelial cells --- organoids --- biomarker --- functional assay --- pre-clinical in vitro models --- CFTR-related disorders --- molecular diagnosis --- CFTR variants --- Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) --- disease liability --- interpretation --- penetrance --- genotype-guided therapy --- miRNA --- airway basal cell --- lentivirus

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Marine organisms are a treasure trove for the discovery of novel natural products, and, thus, marine natural products have been a focus of interest for researchers for decades. Some marine bacteria are prolific producers of natural products, occurring either free-living or, as recently shown, in symbiosis with marine animals. Recent advances in DNA sequencing have led to an enormous increase in published bacterial genomes and bioinformatics tools to analyze natural product biosynthetic potential by various “genome mining” approaches. Similarly, analytical NMR and MS methods for the characterization and comparison of metabolomes of natural product producers have advanced. Novel interdisciplinary approaches combine genomics and metabolomics data for accelerated and targeted natural product discovery. This Special Issue invites articles from both genomics- and metabolomics-driven studies on marine bacteria with a focus on natural product discovery and characterization. We particularly welcome articles that combine genomics and metabolomic approaches for the dereplication and characterization of marine bacterial natural products.

Medicine --- Moorena bouillonii --- marine natural products --- chemogeography --- metabolomics --- natural products --- dereplication --- antibiotics --- marine sponges --- plant pathogen --- cyclodepsipeptides --- marine Actinobacteria --- Streptomyces spp. --- antibiotic --- sea cucumber --- HCV --- Actinobacteria --- marine --- Polar --- genomics --- specialised metabolites --- chitin --- chitinase --- chitin degradation machinery --- Pseudoalteromonas --- secondary metabolites --- bacterial natural products --- mass spectrometry --- genome mining --- paired omics --- keratinases --- keratinolytic proteases --- marine-derived Streptomyces --- genomic comparison --- cyanobacteria --- symbionts --- comparative genomics --- biosynthetic gene clusters --- Indonesia --- biodiversity --- novel antibiotics --- drug screening --- bioactivity --- gene cluster networking --- GNPS --- enterococci --- genome-wide analysis --- bacteriocins --- probiotics --- wild marine species --- Neolyngbya --- anticancer --- drug discovery --- South China Sea --- wenchangamide --- Moorea producens --- CuSO4·5H2O assisted --- differential gDNA isolation --- filamentous bacteria --- micrococcin P1 and P2 --- stalked diatoms