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Human Language Technology (HLT) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems have typically focused on the “factual” aspect of content analysis. Other aspects, including pragmatics, opinion, and style, have received much less attention. However, to achieve an adequate understanding of a text, these aspects cannot be ignored. The chapters in this book address the aspect of subjective opinion, which includes identifying different points of view, identifying different emotive dimensions, and classifying text by opinion. Various conceptual models and computational methods are presented. The models explored in this book include the following: distinguishing attitudes from simple factual assertions; distinguishing between the author’s reports from reports of other people’s opinions; and distinguishing between explicitly and implicitly stated attitudes. In addition, many applications are described that promise to benefit from the ability to understand attitudes and affect, including indexing and retrieval of documents by opinion; automatic question answering about opinions; analysis of sentiment in the media and in discussion groups about consumer products, political issues, etc. ; brand and reputation management; discovering and predicting consumer and voting trends; analyzing client discourse in therapy and counseling; determining relations between scientific texts by finding reasons for citations; generating more appropriate texts and making agents more believable; and creating writers’ aids. The studies reported here are carried out on different languages such as English, French, Japanese, and Portuguese. Difficult challenges remain, however. It can be argued that analyzing attitude and affect in text is an “NLP”-complete problem.

Computational linguistics. --- Computerlinguïstiek. --- Computing attitude. --- Information retrieval --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Lexicologie --- Lexicology --- Linguistic models --- Linguïstische modellen --- Natural language processing (Computer science). --- Natural language processing. --- Natuurlijke taalverwerking. --- Pattern recognition systems. --- Taaltechnologie. --- gegevensverwerking. --- Data processing. --- gegevensverwering. --- Computer science. --- Library science. --- Information storage and retrieval. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer Science. --- Information Storage and Retrieval. --- Library Science. --- Computer Science, general. --- Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet). --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Language Translation and Linguistics. --- Automatic language processing --- Language and languages --- Language data processing --- Linguistics --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Applied linguistics --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Mathematical linguistics --- Multilingual computing --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Librarianship --- Library economy --- Bibliography --- Documentation --- Information science --- Informatics --- Science --- Data processing --- Text processing (Computer science) --- Processing, Text (Computer science) --- Database management --- Word processing --- Automatic data storage --- Automatic information retrieval --- Automation in documentation --- Computer-based information systems --- Data processing systems --- Data storage and retrieval systems --- Discovery systems, Information --- Information discovery systems --- Information processing systems --- Information retrieval systems --- Machine data storage and retrieval --- Mechanized information storage and retrieval systems --- Computer systems --- Electronic information resources --- Data libraries --- Digital libraries --- Information organization --- Information Technology --- Computer Science (Hardware & Networks) --- Computational linguistics --- Natural language processing (Computer science) --- Pattern recognition systems --- Pattern classification systems --- Pattern recognition computers --- Pattern perception --- Computer vision --- Models, Linguistic --- Typology (Linguistics) --- NLP (Computer science) --- Artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction --- Semantic computing --- Computing attitude --- Information storage and retrieva. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Natural Language Processing (NLP). --- Information storage and retrieval systems. --- Application software. --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Computer software --- Data centers