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This is the fourth Special Issue in Pharmaceuticals within the last six years dealing with aspects of radiopharmaceutical sciences. It demonstrates the significant interest and increasing relevance to ameliorate nuclear medicine imaging with PET or SPECT, and also radiotherapeutical procedures.Numerous targets and mechanisms have been identified and have been under investigation over the previous years, covering many fields of medical and clinical research. This development is well illustrated by the articles in the present issue, including 13 original research papers and one review, covering a broad range of actual research topics in the field of radiopharmaceutical sciences.

n/a --- pretargeting --- radioiodination --- neurodegeneration --- phosphoramidon --- GRPR --- molecular imaging --- allosteric modulator --- radiosynthesis --- separation --- ?-CIT. --- PET/CT imaging --- technetium-99m --- gastrin-releasing peptide receptor --- metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 --- glutamate --- oncogenic fusions --- Fusarinine C --- hypoxia --- tirapazamine (TPZ) --- 68Ga --- sentinel lymph node --- 99mTc-radioligand --- iodine-131 --- electrophilic radioiodination --- 4-dioxide (BTDO) --- minigastrin --- ceftriaxone --- tropomyosin receptor kinase --- carbonic anhydrase IX --- ABP688 --- NPY(Y1)R --- MMPEP --- radiosensitizer --- neprilysin-inhibition --- radiochemistry --- girentuximab --- benzotriazine-1 --- gallium-68 --- cholecystokinin-2 receptor --- tumor targeting --- radioimmunotherapy --- salivary gland uptake --- metabolic stability --- tumor hypoxia --- multimerization --- oxidizing agent --- neuroinflammation --- gastrin-releasing peptide --- dextran --- carbon-11 --- peptide heterodimers --- apparent molar activity --- radiometals --- microglia --- rituximab --- [18F]FMISO --- [11C]meta-hydroxyephedrine --- Iodo-Gen® --- mannose --- 177Lu-radiopharmaceuticals --- azomycin nucleosides --- breast cancer --- click chemistry --- small animal imaging --- SR 4317 --- benzotriazine-1-monoxide (BTMO) --- bombesin --- prostate cancer --- Chloramine T --- 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals --- ketamine --- PSMA-617 --- positron emission tomography --- hydrazinonicotinic acid (HYNIC) --- renal cell carcinomas --- [18F]PSS232 --- PET --- endoradiotherapy

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Identification and development of cancer biomarkers and targets have greatly accelerated progress towards precision medicine in oncology. Studies of tumor biology have not only provided insights into the mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis, but also led to discovery of molecules that have been developed into cancer biomarkers and targets. Multi-platforms for molecular characterization of tumors using next-generation genomic sequencing, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and blood-based biopsies have greatly expanded the portfolio of potential biomarkers and targets. These cancer biomarkers have been developed for diagnosis, early detection, prognosis, and prediction of treatment response. The molecular targets have been exploited for anti-cancer therapy and delivery of therapeutic agents. This Special Issue of Biomedicines focuses on recent advances in the discovery, characterization, translation, and clinical application of cancer biomarkers and targets in malignant diseases of the digestive system. The goal is to stimulate basic and translational research and clinical collaboration in this exciting field with the hope of developing strategies for prevention and early detection/diagnosis of cancer in digestive organs, and improving therapeutic and psychosocial outcomes in patients with these malignant diseases.

n/a --- liver graft injury --- HFE --- neurokinin --- chemotherapy --- intestinal tumors --- therapeutic targets --- biliary tract carcinoma --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- clinical trial --- cell adhesion molecules --- colorectal cancer --- biomarkers --- phenotypic mosaics --- gastrointestinal oncology --- Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) --- biomarker --- psychosocial support --- precision therapy --- pancreatic carcinoma --- precision medicine --- Liver transplantation --- predictive biomarkers --- CD274 --- cholecystokinin --- The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) --- gastrin --- pembrolizumab --- immunotherapy --- gastrin-releasing peptide --- stereotactic body radiation therapy --- immunohistochemistry --- gastric carcinoma --- liver transplant --- CAM invasion assay --- intragraft gene expression profiles --- molecular profiling --- targeted therapy --- neurotensin --- intestinal disorder --- ramucirumab --- next-generation sequencing --- colorectal carcinoma --- tumor progenitor --- circulating tumor cells --- gastrointestinal malignancies --- bombesin --- trastuzumab --- somatostatin --- zebrafish --- G protein–coupled receptors --- G protein-coupled receptors