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Earth fills --- Design criteria --- Wastes --- Gas production --- Disposal

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

microbial ecology --- Carbon Sequestration --- soil organic matter --- Greenhouse gas production --- dynamics --- modeling

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Half a century ago, soil microbiologists reached the conclusion that a full understanding of the growth and activity of microorganisms in soils and sediments would require quantitative observations at spatial scales as near as possible to the size of the organisms themselves. Back then, this type of observation was not feasible at all, unfortunately. The development of electron microscopes in the 60s and 70s provided qualitative insight into microscopic parameters that controlled the activity of bacteria, archaea, and fungi in pore spaces, but produced no quantitative information. It is only with the technological advances in X-ray computed micro-tomography (µCT), first at synchrotron facilities in the 90s, then with commercial table-top scanners in the early 2000s, that quantitative, micrometric data on the geometry of the pore space has become available. In the last decade, different methods have also been developed to measure the spatial distribution of microorganisms at fine resolution in thin sections, as well as to map the composition of organic soil constituents or the nature of nitrogenous compounds at micrometric or even nanometric scales. Finally, a number of computational approaches have been adopted successfully to model mathematically the various physico-chemical processes occurring within pores, which affect the growth and activity of microorganisms. After these novel techniques became available, an initial stage in the research has consisted of identifying and resolving the problems associated with their use to elucidate microbial processes in heterogeneous soils and sediments. Significant progress has been achieved in this respect, for example in the development of objective (operator-independent), local segmentation techniques adapted for X-ray µCT images, in terms of improvements of hybridisation (FISH) technologies to locate bacterial and archaeal cells in soil thin sections, or in the in elaboration of statistical tools to interpolate 2-D measurements to produce 3-D data. All of this progress enables us to now enter with confidence into a second stage of the research, where different techniques will be combined to apprehend more completely the characteristics of microhabitats in terrestrial systems. A number of research groups around the world are trying to quantify the physical and (bio)chemical features of these microhabitats, as well as to describe as thoroughly as possible the composition and biodiversity of microbial populations they contain. Within the next few years, increasing focus will be placed on this integration of techniques, and progress in this respect will likely be fueled very significantly by the development of an array of new techniques, e.g., single-cell metabolomics or X-rays produced by plasma wave accelerators, which offer great promise for the research on soils and sediments.

Science: general issues --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- microbial ecology --- carbon sequestration --- soil organic matter --- greenhouse gas production --- dynamics --- modeling

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- microbial ecology --- Carbon Sequestration --- soil organic matter --- Greenhouse gas production --- dynamics --- modeling

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This book addresses various aspects of in vitro digestibility: • Application of meta-analyses and machine learning methods to predict methane production; • Methane production of sainfoin and alfalfa; • In vitro evaluation of different dietary methane mitigation strategies; • Rumen methanogenesis, rumen fermentation, and microbial community response; • The role of condensed tannins in the in vitro rumen fermentation kinetics; • Fermentation pattern of several carbohydrate sources; • Additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects of plant extracts; • In vitro rumen degradation and fermentation characteristics of silage and hay; • In vitro digestibility, in situ degradability, and rumen fermentation of camelina co-products; • Ruminal fermentation parameters and microbial matters to odd- and branched-chain fatty acids; • Comparison of fecal versus rumen inocula for the estimation of NDF digestibility; • Rumen inoculum collected from cows at slaughter or from a continuous fermenter; • Seaweeds as ingredients of ruminant diets; • Rumen in vitro fermentation and in situ degradation kinetics of forage Brassica crops; • In vitro digestibility and rumen degradability of vetch varieties; • Intestinal digestibility in vitro of Vicia sativa varieties; • Ruminal in vitro protein degradation and apparent digestibility of Pisum sativum; • In vitro digestibility studies using equine fecal inoculum; • Effects of gas production recording system and pig fecal inoculum volume on kinetics; • In vitro methods of assessing protein quality for poultry; and • In vitro techniques using the DaisyII incubator.

polyethylene glycol --- gas production --- in vitro organic matter degradability --- condensed tannins --- ammonia --- volatile fatty acid --- in vitro assay --- common vetch --- grain --- nutritive value --- ruminants --- field peas --- ensiling --- hydro-thermic treatment --- nutrient digestibility --- rumen-undegraded protein --- Streptomyces griseus protease test --- n/a --- straw --- varietal effect --- corn distillers dried grains with solubles --- gas collection technique --- in vitro --- pig fecal inoculum --- soybean hulls --- rumen liquid --- in vitro fermentation --- rumen degradability --- seaweeds --- chemical composition --- in vitro rumen fermentation --- goats --- methane --- kale --- swede --- volatile fatty acids --- degradation rates --- NDF digestibility --- faecal inoculum --- diet composition --- fermentation parameters --- microbial populations --- microbial bases --- odd- and branched-chain fatty acids --- lactation stages --- beef cattle --- protein sources --- camelina co-products --- rumen microbial fermentation --- antimethanogenic --- chemical inhibition --- global warming --- halogenated compound --- macroalgae --- methane production --- methanogenic inhibitor --- plant inhibitory compound --- forage quality --- ruminant --- essential oils --- synergies --- cereals --- fibrous byproducts --- gas volume --- pH --- gas production technique --- in vitro digestibility --- Mitscherlich equation --- feedstuff evaluation --- fermentation kinetics --- substrate degradation --- nitrocompounds --- methanogenesis --- rumen fermentation --- microbial community --- coenzyme --- dietary protein --- poultry --- digestibility assay --- pH stat method --- pepsin digestibility assay --- fermentability --- grazing ecology --- microbial responses --- in vitro gas production --- rumen --- feed --- meta-analysis --- machine learning --- neural network --- inoculum --- rumen fluid --- faeces --- enzyme --- Ankom DaisyII incubator