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A detailed reference work on gas supply and demand covering not only the OECD countries, but also the rest of the world, this publication contains essential information on LNG and pipeline trade, gas reserves, storage capacity and prices. . The main part of the book however, concentrates on OECD countries, showing a detailed supply and demand balance for each country and for the three OECD regions, as well as a breakdown of gas consumption by end user. Import and export data are reported by source and destination.
Gas industry. --- Gas. --- Natural gas -- Hydrates. --- Petroleum pipelines -- Fluid dynamics. --- Business & Economics --- Industries --- Gas industry --- Natural gas pipelines --- Natural gas industry --- Gas pipelines --- Natural gas --- Energy industries --- Transportation
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The book is an up-to-date basic reference for natural gas hydrate (NGH) in the Arctic Ocean. Geographical, geological, environmental, energy, new technology, and regulatory matters are discussed. The book should be of interest to general readers and scientists and students as well as industry and government agencies concerned with energy and ocean management. NGH is a solid crystalline material that compresses gas by about a factor of about 164 during crystallization from natural gas (mainly methane) - rich pore waters over time. NGH displaces water and may form large concentrations in sediment pore space. Its formation introduces changes in the geotechnical character of host sediment that allows it to be distinguished by seismic and electric exploration methods. The chemical reaction that forms NGH from gas and water molecules is highly reversible, which allows controlled conversion of the NGH to its constituent gas and water. This can be achieved rapidly by one of a number of processes including heating, depressurization, inhibitor injection, dissolution, and molecular replacement. The produced gas has the potential to make NGH a valuable unconventional natural gas resource, and perhaps the largest on earth. Estimates for NGH distribution, concentration, economic targets, and volumes in the Arctic Ocean have been carried out by restricting the economic target to deepwater turbidite sands, which are also sediment hosts for more deeply buried conventional hydrocarbon deposits. Resource base estimates are based on NGH petroleum system analysis approach using industry-standard parameters along with analogs from three relatively well known examples (Nankai-Japan, Gulf of Mexico-United States, and Arctic permafrost hydrate). Drilling data has substantiated new geotechnical-level seismic analysis techniques for estimating not just the presence of NGH but prospect volumes. In addition to a volumetric estimate for NGH having economic potential, a sedimentary depositional model is proposed to aid exploration in the five different regions around the deep central Arctic Ocean basin. Related topics are also discussed. Transport and logistics for NGH may also be applicable for stranded conventional gas and oil deposits. Arising from a discussion of new technology and methodologies that could be applied to developing NGH, suggestions are made for the lowering of exploration and capital expenses that could make NGH competitive on a produced cost basis. The basis for the extraordinarily low environmental risk for exploration and production of NGH is discussed, especially with respect to the environmentally fragile Arctic region. It is suggested that because of the low environmental risk, special regulations could be written that would provide a framework for very low cost and safe development.
Clathrate compounds. --- Natural gas -- History. --- Natural gas -- Hydrates. --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Chemical Engineering --- Geology, Economic. --- Oceanography. --- Energy. --- Fossil fuels. --- Economic geology. --- Fossil Fuels (incl. Carbon Capture). --- Economic Geology. --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Earth sciences --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Economic geology --- Physical geology --- Mines and mineral resources --- Fossil energy --- Fuel --- Energy minerals --- Geology, economic. --- Natural gas in submerged lands
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“Natural Gas Hydrates: Experimental Techniques and Their Applications” attempts to broadly integrate the most recent knowledge in the fields of hydrate experimental techniques in the laboratory. The book examines various experimental techniques in order to provide useful parameters for gas hydrate exploration and exploitation. It provides experimental techniques for gas hydrates, including the detection techniques, the thermo-physical properties, permeability and mechanical properties, geochemical abnormalities, stability and dissociation kinetics, exploitation conditions, as well as modern measurement technologies etc. This book will be of interest to experimental scientists who engage in gas hydrate experiments in the laboratory, and is also intended as a reference work for students concerned with gas hydrate research. Yuguang Ye is a distinguished professor of Experimental Geology at Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, China. Professor Changling Liu works at the Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, China.
Geography. --- Natural gas -- Geology. --- Natural gas -- Hydrates. --- Physical geography. --- Natural gas --- Mechanical Engineering --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Metallurgy & Mineralogy --- Civil Engineering --- Hydrates --- Geology --- Hydrates. --- Earth sciences. --- Geophysics. --- Geotechnical engineering. --- Electric power production. --- Physical measurements. --- Measurement. --- Earth Sciences. --- Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences. --- Energy Technology. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Complex compounds --- Energy Systems. --- Geography --- Energy systems. --- Measurement . --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Measurements, Physical --- Mathematical physics --- Measurement --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences --- Physics --- Engineering, Geotechnical --- Geotechnics --- Geotechnology --- Engineering geology
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This Special Issue reports research spanning from the analysis of indirect data, modeling, and laboratory and geological data confirming the intrinsic multidisciplinarity of gas hydrate studies. The study areas are (1) Arctic, (2) Brazil, (3) Chile, and (4) the Mediterranean region. The results furnished an important tessera of the knowledge about the relationship of a gas hydrate system with other complex natural phenomena such as climate change, slope stability and earthquakes, and human activities.
ocean acidification --- risk assessment --- modeling --- molecular composition --- ecosystem --- thermogenic gas --- Eastern Mediterranean --- temperature increase --- geohazards --- São Paulo Plateau --- geohazard --- hydrate dissociation --- climate change --- BSR --- thawing --- multidisciplinary --- clathrites --- earthquake --- modelling --- methane cycle --- permafrost --- global change --- methane --- biogenic gas --- salt migration --- subaqueous permafrost --- slope stability --- Chilean margin --- magnetic data --- mantellic source --- active margin --- Arctic shelf --- environmental impact --- Amazon fan --- methane emission --- seismic interpretation --- seep-carbonates --- Bouguer anomaly --- potential methods --- gravimetric data --- methane stability --- northern Apennines --- Santos Basin --- natural gas hydrate --- carbon dioxide --- blue growth --- gas seeps --- seepage --- Chile Triple Junction --- isotopic composition --- gas hydrates --- gas hydrate --- Miocene --- Levant Basin
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The rapid increasing of concentrations of anthropologically generated greenhouse gases (primarily CO2) in the atmosphere is responsible for global warming and ocean acidification. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that carbon capture and storage (CCS) techniques are a necessary measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the short-to-medium term. One of the technological solutions is the long-term storage of CO2 in appropriate geological formations, such as deep saline formations and depleted oil and gas reservoirs. Promising alternative options that guarantee the permanent capture of CO2, although on a smaller scale, are the in-situ and ex-situ fixation of CO2 in the form of inorganic carbonates via the carbonation of mafic and ultramafic rocks and of Mg/Ca-rich fly ash, iron and steel slags, cement waste, and mine tailings. According to this general framework, this Special Issue collects articles covering various aspects of recent scientific advances in the geological and mineralogical sequestration of CO2. In particular, it includes the assessment of the storage potential of candidate injection sites in Croatia, Greece, and Norway; numerical modelling of geochemical–mineralogical reactions and CO2 flow; studies of natural analogues providing information on the processes and the physical–chemical conditions characterizing serpentinite carbonation; and experimental investigations to better understand the effectiveness and mechanisms of geological and mineralogical CO2 sequestration.
Research & information: general --- Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning --- CO2 reservoir rock --- CO2 sealing capacity --- CO2 sequestration --- CO2 storage capacity --- CO2 storage ratio --- supercritical CO2 --- CO2 geological storage --- depleted gas fields --- deep saline aquifers --- Adriatic offshore --- Croatia --- CO2 geological sequestration --- unconsolidated sediments --- gas hydrates --- suitable methodology for mineral carbonation --- construction and demolition waste --- basalts --- carbonation --- CO2 storage --- hydrochemistry --- regional heat flow --- CO2 leakage --- cement --- well integrity --- leakage remediation --- TOUGHREACT --- reactive transport modelling --- CCS --- mineralization --- carbonatization --- mineral trapping --- mineral sequestration --- Johansen Formation --- North Sea --- sedimentary facies --- serpentinite --- X-ray diffraction --- rietveld refinement --- magnesium leaching --- thermal activation --- meta-serpentine --- heat activation optimization --- CO2 mineral sequestration --- hydromagnesite --- kerolite --- Cu mine --- Montecastelli --- underground microclimate --- replacement process --- low temperature carbonate precipitation --- Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer --- seawater influx --- hydrothermal circulation --- ophicalcite --- CO2 reservoir rock --- CO2 sealing capacity --- CO2 sequestration --- CO2 storage capacity --- CO2 storage ratio --- supercritical CO2 --- CO2 geological storage --- depleted gas fields --- deep saline aquifers --- Adriatic offshore --- Croatia --- CO2 geological sequestration --- unconsolidated sediments --- gas hydrates --- suitable methodology for mineral carbonation --- construction and demolition waste --- basalts --- carbonation --- CO2 storage --- hydrochemistry --- regional heat flow --- CO2 leakage --- cement --- well integrity --- leakage remediation --- TOUGHREACT --- reactive transport modelling --- CCS --- mineralization --- carbonatization --- mineral trapping --- mineral sequestration --- Johansen Formation --- North Sea --- sedimentary facies --- serpentinite --- X-ray diffraction --- rietveld refinement --- magnesium leaching --- thermal activation --- meta-serpentine --- heat activation optimization --- CO2 mineral sequestration --- hydromagnesite --- kerolite --- Cu mine --- Montecastelli --- underground microclimate --- replacement process --- low temperature carbonate precipitation --- Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer --- seawater influx --- hydrothermal circulation --- ophicalcite
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Gas hydrates are both a huge energy resource and an environmental challenge. They have a significant impact on society because of their applications to the future of energy, protection of the environment and fuel transportation. Gas Hydrates opens up this fascinating, multidisciplinary field to non-specialists. It provides a scientific study of gas hydrates that considers their potential as an energy source while assessing the possible risk to the environment. The authors also examine the feasibility of using these natural compounds for storing and transporting gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. Diagrams and photos are used throughout Gas Hydrates to help readers understand the scientific and technical content. Each section has been designed so it can be read independently by academics and professionals in the oil and gas industry, as well as by all those with an interest in how hydrates combine to be an energy resource, an industrial challenge and a geological hazard.
Gases. --- Hydrates. --- Natural gas -- Hydrates. --- Chemistry --- Mechanical Engineering --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry --- Natural gas --- Power resources. --- Energy --- Energy resources --- Power supply --- Engineering. --- Renewable energy resources. --- Mineral resources. --- Oceanography. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Alternate energy sources. --- Green energy industries. --- Sustainable development. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Sustainable Development. --- Mineral Resources. --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable development --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Green energy industries --- Energy industries --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Earth sciences --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Deposits, Mineral --- Mineral deposits --- Mineral resources --- Mines and mining --- Mining --- Natural resources --- Geology, Economic --- Minerals --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Environmental aspects --- Energy harvesting --- Hydrates
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Climate change, environmental impact and declining natural resources are driving scientific research and novel technical solutions. Green Energy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and technological approaches to "green" - i.e., environmentally friendly and sustainable - technologies. While the main focus lies on energy and power supply, the series also covers green solutions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy and Technology is a monograph series addressing researchers, advanced students and technical consultants, as well as decision makers in industry and politics. The level presentation ranges from instructional to highly technical. Gas hydrates are potentially one of the most important energy resources for the future. They represent one of the world’s largest untapped reservoirs of energy and, according to some estimates, have the potential to meet global energy needs for the next thousand years. Methane Gas Hydrate examines this potential by focusing on methane gas hydrate, which is increasingly considered a significant source of energy. Methane Gas Hydrate gives a general overview of natural gas, before delving into the subject of gas hydrates in more detail and methane gas hydrate in particular. As well as discussing methods of gas production, it also discusses the safety and environmental concerns associated with the presence of natural gas hydrates, ranging from their possible impact on the safety of conventional drilling operations to their influence on Earth’s climate. Methane Gas Hydrate is a useful reference on an increasingly popular energy source. It contains valuable information for chemical engineers and researchers, as well as for postgraduate students.
Methane -- Environmental aspects. --- Natural gas -- Hydrates. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Natural gas --- Methane --- Renewable energy sources --- Mechanical Engineering --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Metallurgy & Mineralogy --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Hydrates --- Environmental aspects --- Hydrates. --- Environmental aspects. --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Methyl hydride --- Engineering. --- Renewable energy resources. --- Biochemical engineering. --- Alternate energy sources. --- Green energy industries. --- Environmental engineering. --- Biotechnology. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Biochemical Engineering. --- Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology. --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Environmental control --- Environmental effects --- Environmental stresses --- Engineering --- Environmental health --- Environmental protection --- Pollution --- Sustainable engineering --- Green energy industries --- Energy industries --- Bio-process engineering --- Bioprocess engineering --- Biochemistry --- Biotechnology --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Alkanes --- Manure gases --- Biogas
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The rapid increasing of concentrations of anthropologically generated greenhouse gases (primarily CO2) in the atmosphere is responsible for global warming and ocean acidification. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that carbon capture and storage (CCS) techniques are a necessary measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the short-to-medium term. One of the technological solutions is the long-term storage of CO2 in appropriate geological formations, such as deep saline formations and depleted oil and gas reservoirs. Promising alternative options that guarantee the permanent capture of CO2, although on a smaller scale, are the in-situ and ex-situ fixation of CO2 in the form of inorganic carbonates via the carbonation of mafic and ultramafic rocks and of Mg/Ca-rich fly ash, iron and steel slags, cement waste, and mine tailings. According to this general framework, this Special Issue collects articles covering various aspects of recent scientific advances in the geological and mineralogical sequestration of CO2. In particular, it includes the assessment of the storage potential of candidate injection sites in Croatia, Greece, and Norway; numerical modelling of geochemical–mineralogical reactions and CO2 flow; studies of natural analogues providing information on the processes and the physical–chemical conditions characterizing serpentinite carbonation; and experimental investigations to better understand the effectiveness and mechanisms of geological and mineralogical CO2 sequestration.
CO2 reservoir rock --- CO2 sealing capacity --- CO2 sequestration --- CO2 storage capacity --- CO2 storage ratio --- supercritical CO2 --- CO2 geological storage --- depleted gas fields --- deep saline aquifers --- Adriatic offshore --- Croatia --- CO2 geological sequestration --- unconsolidated sediments --- gas hydrates --- suitable methodology for mineral carbonation --- construction and demolition waste --- basalts --- carbonation --- CO2 storage --- hydrochemistry --- regional heat flow --- CO2 leakage --- cement --- well integrity --- leakage remediation --- TOUGHREACT --- reactive transport modelling --- CCS --- mineralization --- carbonatization --- mineral trapping --- mineral sequestration --- Johansen Formation --- North Sea --- sedimentary facies --- serpentinite --- X-ray diffraction --- rietveld refinement --- magnesium leaching --- thermal activation --- meta-serpentine --- heat activation optimization --- CO2 mineral sequestration --- hydromagnesite --- kerolite --- Cu mine --- Montecastelli --- underground microclimate --- replacement process --- low temperature carbonate precipitation --- Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer --- seawater influx --- hydrothermal circulation --- ophicalcite --- n/a
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