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This Special Issue reports research spanning from the analysis of indirect data, modeling, and laboratory and geological data confirming the intrinsic multidisciplinarity of gas hydrate studies. The study areas are (1) Arctic, (2) Brazil, (3) Chile, and (4) the Mediterranean region. The results furnished an important tessera of the knowledge about the relationship of a gas hydrate system with other complex natural phenomena such as climate change, slope stability and earthquakes, and human activities.

ocean acidification --- risk assessment --- modeling --- molecular composition --- ecosystem --- thermogenic gas --- Eastern Mediterranean --- temperature increase --- geohazards --- São Paulo Plateau --- geohazard --- hydrate dissociation --- climate change --- BSR --- thawing --- multidisciplinary --- clathrites --- earthquake --- modelling --- methane cycle --- permafrost --- global change --- methane --- biogenic gas --- salt migration --- subaqueous permafrost --- slope stability --- Chilean margin --- magnetic data --- mantellic source --- active margin --- Arctic shelf --- environmental impact --- Amazon fan --- methane emission --- seismic interpretation --- seep-carbonates --- Bouguer anomaly --- potential methods --- gravimetric data --- methane stability --- northern Apennines --- Santos Basin --- natural gas hydrate --- carbon dioxide --- blue growth --- gas seeps --- seepage --- Chile Triple Junction --- isotopic composition --- gas hydrates --- gas hydrate --- Miocene --- Levant Basin

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This volume provides unique views of combustion from many technical and international research perspectives.

hydrate ignition --- lean flames --- Atkinson cycle --- heavy metals --- iso-octane --- quantitative reaction pathway diagrams --- watery flames --- CeO2 doping --- hydrogen yield --- climate change --- mitigation --- computational fluid dynamics --- solid fuel --- cleaner combustion --- GRI-Mech 3.0 --- steam methane reformer --- emission characteristics --- flue gas mercury removal --- chemical analysis --- combustion --- Lewis number --- powder coke --- methane --- hydrate flame spectrum --- oxidizer ratio --- fluidized bed --- swirling burner --- CFD --- methane clathrate --- fuel rich/lean combustion --- general correlations --- control system efficiency --- MP-PIC method --- wall shear stress --- activated carbon sorbent --- density functional theory(DFT) calculations --- energy management --- self-similar spherical flame propagation --- bioethanol --- biofuel burner --- ultra-lean methane flame --- NO emissions --- tubular diffusion flame --- flaring angle --- methane–air combustion --- methane/air --- low load --- short stroke engine --- porous plate reactor --- combustion adjustment --- ecological fuels --- field study --- air-pollution control --- methane hydrate --- gas hydrate --- battery recycling --- hydrate combustion --- oxy-fuel combustion --- high-pressure turbulent burning velocity --- tube surface temperature --- PIV --- cooking stove

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The search for alternative sources of energy is an attempt to solve two of the main problems facing the modern world. Today's resources are mainly based on fossil flammable substances such as coal, oil, and natural gas. The first problem is related to the expected and observed depletion of deposits, not only those available but also less accessible. Another is related to global warming from emissions of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) as well as emissions of other pollutants in the atmosphere. Mitigating the harmful effects of fossil fuel use is an obvious challenge for mankind. This Special Issue includes articles on the search for new raw materials and new technologies for obtaining energy, such as those existing in nature, methane hydrates, biomass, etc., new more efficient technologies for generating electricity, as well as analyses of the possibilities and conditions of use of these resources for practical applications.

Technology: general issues --- thermoelectric generation --- turbo-generator --- exhaust heat recovery --- kinetics --- pyrolysis --- wood-based panels --- Van KREVELEN systematics --- TG-MS/FTIR analysis --- CH4 hydrate --- replacement --- IGCC syngas --- in-situ Raman --- thermodynamic cycles --- ORC --- efficiency --- energy consumption --- comminution --- grinding --- multi-disc mill --- energy consumption index --- energy assessment --- wind power plant --- sustainable development --- modernization --- recycling --- solar energy --- wind energy --- energy efficiency --- environmental impact --- economic evaluation --- on-grid system --- HOMER Pro software --- natural gas hydrate --- critical velocity --- solid fluidization method --- water jet --- ultimate breaking distance --- biofuel policy --- efficiency rating --- ethanol --- data mining --- waste-to-energy --- sector coupling --- waste incineration --- waste heat recovery in desalination --- efficiency increasing in waste incineration --- waste plastic oil --- biodiesel --- castor oil --- emission --- diesel engine --- parallel plugin hybrid --- hybrid two-wheeler --- load-levelling control (LLC) --- equivalent fuel-consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) --- battery ageing --- fuel economy --- engine switching and charge sustained

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The search for alternative sources of energy is an attempt to solve two of the main problems facing the modern world. Today's resources are mainly based on fossil flammable substances such as coal, oil, and natural gas. The first problem is related to the expected and observed depletion of deposits, not only those available but also less accessible. Another is related to global warming from emissions of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) as well as emissions of other pollutants in the atmosphere. Mitigating the harmful effects of fossil fuel use is an obvious challenge for mankind. This Special Issue includes articles on the search for new raw materials and new technologies for obtaining energy, such as those existing in nature, methane hydrates, biomass, etc., new more efficient technologies for generating electricity, as well as analyses of the possibilities and conditions of use of these resources for practical applications.

Technology: general issues --- thermoelectric generation --- turbo-generator --- exhaust heat recovery --- kinetics --- pyrolysis --- wood-based panels --- Van KREVELEN systematics --- TG-MS/FTIR analysis --- CH4 hydrate --- replacement --- IGCC syngas --- in-situ Raman --- thermodynamic cycles --- ORC --- efficiency --- energy consumption --- comminution --- grinding --- multi-disc mill --- energy consumption index --- energy assessment --- wind power plant --- sustainable development --- modernization --- recycling --- solar energy --- wind energy --- energy efficiency --- environmental impact --- economic evaluation --- on-grid system --- HOMER Pro software --- natural gas hydrate --- critical velocity --- solid fluidization method --- water jet --- ultimate breaking distance --- biofuel policy --- efficiency rating --- ethanol --- data mining --- waste-to-energy --- sector coupling --- waste incineration --- waste heat recovery in desalination --- efficiency increasing in waste incineration --- waste plastic oil --- biodiesel --- castor oil --- emission --- diesel engine --- parallel plugin hybrid --- hybrid two-wheeler --- load-levelling control (LLC) --- equivalent fuel-consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) --- battery ageing --- fuel economy --- engine switching and charge sustained

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The need for energy is increasing and at the same time production from the conventional reservoirs is declining quickly. This requires an economically and technically feasible source of energy for the coming years. Among some alternative future energy solutions the most approachable source is from unconventional reservoirs. As the name “unconventional” implies it requires different and challenging approach to characterize and to develop such a resource. This special issue covers some of the technical challenges for developing unconventional energy sources from shale gas/oil, tight gas sand, and coalbed methane.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- bedding fractures --- failure criterion --- lamina --- tight oil --- tight sandstone --- finite element simulation --- numerical simulation --- unconventional reservoir --- permeability --- group method of data handling --- artificial neural network --- well logs --- sensitivity analysis --- tight gas reservoir --- multi-fractured horizontal well (MFHW) --- unstable productivity model --- productivity forecast --- influencing factor analysis --- horizontal well with multiple finite-conductivity fractures --- elliptical-shaped drainage --- productivity index --- non-Darcy flow --- pressure-dependent conductivity --- reservoir properties --- void space structure --- porosity --- complex rocks --- NMR --- MICP --- CT --- SEM --- coal-bearing tight sandstone --- organic-rich clasts --- occurrence --- classifications --- formation mechanisms --- Ordos Basin --- hydraulic fracturing --- fracturing fluids --- fluids-rock interaction --- environmental implication --- history matching --- semianalytic model --- unconventional gas reservoirs --- multistage fractured horizontal wells --- fractal theory --- pore structure --- heterogeneity --- NMR measurements --- multifractal analysis --- shale reservoir --- elastic properties --- brittleness --- rock physics --- brittle spot identification --- shale gas --- reservoir characteristics --- gas content --- eastern Sichuan Basin --- the Da’anzhai member --- pulse decay method --- gas adsorption --- dual media --- unconventional core --- natural fracture --- influencing factor --- oil production --- carbonate rock --- basement reservoir --- Jizhong Sub-basin --- dynamic pore network modeling --- shale reservoirs --- water imbibition --- discrete element method --- modified fluid-mechanical coupling algorithm --- injection sequence --- well spacing --- stress shadow effect --- seismic location --- microseismic events --- waveform stacking --- induced seismicity --- CBM --- surfactant --- solid-free drilling fluid --- CBM reservoir wettability --- machine learning --- lithofacies --- umiat --- Alaska --- proppant transportation --- cross fractures --- CFD simulation --- dimensional analysis --- equilibrium proppant height --- coalbed methane --- Lattice Boltzmann method --- gas diffusion --- adsorption–desorption --- pore-scale --- clay minerals --- pore structures --- tight gas reservoirs --- Xujiaweizi Rift --- Northern Songliao Basin --- methane adsorption isotherm --- coal properties --- gradient boosting decision tree --- estimation model --- shale gas reservoir --- geology --- Gibbs excess adsorption --- supercritical adsorption --- gas viscosity --- high voltage spark discharge --- electrohydraulic effect --- electrical conductivity --- drilling --- rock damage --- pressure waves --- water fracturing --- turbulence effect --- Eulerian multiphase modeling --- proppant transport mechanism --- equilibrium height prediction model --- adaptive filtering --- complex noise canceling --- electromagnetic telemetry --- multifractured horizontal wells --- production analysis --- irregular stimulated region --- natural gas hydrate --- seismic modeling --- fractional derivatives --- gas geochemical characteristics --- noble gas --- shale gas evolution --- Large Igneous Province (LIP) --- gas loss --- geological structure --- gas controlling pattern --- neutral surface --- tectonic movement --- Bumu region --- seismic interpretation --- depositional environments characteristics --- Wheeler diagram --- seismic attributes --- heterogeneous sequence --- sample size --- neutron scattering --- mercury injection capillary pressure --- adsorption --- shale --- junggar basin --- hong-che fault zone --- carboniferous --- volcanic reservoir --- main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation --- fracture --- vug --- micro CT --- carbonate --- wave velocity --- amorphous SiO2 --- X-ray diffraction --- X-ray fluorescence spectrometry --- scanning electron microscope --- quantitative analysis --- void ratio --- FEM --- ABAQUS --- matrix porosity --- kerogen porosity --- water saturation --- gas hydrate --- saturation --- deep learning --- recurrent neural network --- molecular simulation --- enhanced oil recovery --- methane --- shale petroleum --- technological development --- patent --- network analysis --- imbibition --- osmosis --- unconventional formations --- EOR --- water flooding --- bedding fractures --- failure criterion --- lamina --- tight oil --- tight sandstone --- finite element simulation --- numerical simulation --- unconventional reservoir --- permeability --- group method of data handling --- artificial neural network --- well logs --- sensitivity analysis --- tight gas reservoir --- multi-fractured horizontal well (MFHW) --- unstable productivity model --- productivity forecast --- influencing factor analysis --- horizontal well with multiple finite-conductivity fractures --- elliptical-shaped drainage --- productivity index --- non-Darcy flow --- pressure-dependent conductivity --- reservoir properties --- void space structure --- porosity --- complex rocks --- NMR --- MICP --- CT --- SEM --- coal-bearing tight sandstone --- organic-rich clasts --- occurrence --- classifications --- formation mechanisms --- Ordos Basin --- hydraulic fracturing --- fracturing fluids --- fluids-rock interaction --- environmental implication --- history matching --- semianalytic model --- unconventional gas reservoirs --- multistage fractured horizontal wells --- fractal theory --- pore structure --- heterogeneity --- NMR measurements --- multifractal analysis --- shale reservoir --- elastic properties --- brittleness --- rock physics --- brittle spot identification --- shale gas --- reservoir characteristics --- gas content --- eastern Sichuan Basin --- the Da’anzhai member --- pulse decay method --- gas adsorption --- dual media --- unconventional core --- natural fracture --- influencing factor --- oil production --- carbonate rock --- basement reservoir --- Jizhong Sub-basin --- dynamic pore network modeling --- shale reservoirs --- water imbibition --- discrete element method --- modified fluid-mechanical coupling algorithm --- injection sequence --- well spacing --- stress shadow effect --- seismic location --- microseismic events --- waveform stacking --- induced seismicity --- CBM --- surfactant --- solid-free drilling fluid --- CBM reservoir wettability --- machine learning --- lithofacies --- umiat --- Alaska --- proppant transportation --- cross fractures --- CFD simulation --- dimensional analysis --- equilibrium proppant height --- coalbed methane --- Lattice Boltzmann method --- gas diffusion --- adsorption–desorption --- pore-scale --- clay minerals --- pore structures --- tight gas reservoirs --- Xujiaweizi Rift --- Northern Songliao Basin --- methane adsorption isotherm --- coal properties --- gradient boosting decision tree --- estimation model --- shale gas reservoir --- geology --- Gibbs excess adsorption --- supercritical adsorption --- gas viscosity --- high voltage spark discharge --- electrohydraulic effect --- electrical conductivity --- drilling --- rock damage --- pressure waves --- water fracturing --- turbulence effect --- Eulerian multiphase modeling --- proppant transport mechanism --- equilibrium height prediction model --- adaptive filtering --- complex noise canceling --- electromagnetic telemetry --- multifractured horizontal wells --- production analysis --- irregular stimulated region --- natural gas hydrate --- seismic modeling --- fractional derivatives --- gas geochemical characteristics --- noble gas --- shale gas evolution --- Large Igneous Province (LIP) --- gas loss --- geological structure --- gas controlling pattern --- neutral surface --- tectonic movement --- Bumu region --- seismic interpretation --- depositional environments characteristics --- Wheeler diagram --- seismic attributes --- heterogeneous sequence --- sample size --- neutron scattering --- mercury injection capillary pressure --- adsorption --- shale --- junggar basin --- hong-che fault zone --- carboniferous --- volcanic reservoir --- main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation --- fracture --- vug --- micro CT --- carbonate --- wave velocity --- amorphous SiO2 --- X-ray diffraction --- X-ray fluorescence spectrometry --- scanning electron microscope --- quantitative analysis --- void ratio --- FEM --- ABAQUS --- matrix porosity --- kerogen porosity --- water saturation --- gas hydrate --- saturation --- deep learning --- recurrent neural network --- molecular simulation --- enhanced oil recovery --- methane --- shale petroleum --- technological development --- patent --- network analysis --- imbibition --- osmosis --- unconventional formations --- EOR --- water flooding