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This book presents a comprehensive review of the methods applied to derive cosmological parameters for a given model and test different cosmological models using the most massive collapsed structures in our Universe: clusters of galaxies. Clusters typically consist of hundreds of galaxies and high-temperature ionized gas trapped in their gravitational field dominated by dark matter extending out to 2-3 Mpc. The formation, evolution, and structure of these massive rare objects are sensitive probes of the assumed cosmology. This is a multidisciplinary field of astrophysics involving multi-wavele

Galaxies --- Cosmology. --- Astronomy. --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Clusters of galaxies --- Galaxy clusters --- Groups of galaxies --- Clusters. --- Groups

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Clusters of galaxies are the largest structures in the Universe. Most of the visible matter is in the form of hot gas permeating the volume of the cluster. The bulk of this gas is in thermal equilibrium in the dark matter-dominated potential. This book discusses all aspects of cluster physics beyond this thermal view. It covers topics such as the warm-hot intergalactic medium outside the clusters, non-thermal radiation components, shocks, equilibration processes and the chemical evolution of these structures. The topics are covered from an observational, theoretical and numerical point of view. This volume provides a useful reference for astronomers and graduate students, in particular for those who are working in high-energy astrophysics and extra-galactic astronomy.

Galaxies --- Thermogravimetry. --- Clusters. --- Thermal gravimetric analysis --- Gravimetric analysis --- Thermal analysis --- Clusters of galaxies --- Galaxy clusters --- Groups of galaxies --- Groups --- Astrophysics. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Space sciences. --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science

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Galaxy groups consist of a few tens of galaxies bound in a common gravitational potential and contain a significant fraction of the overall universal baryon budget. Therefore, they are key to our understanding of how the bulk of matter in the Universe accretes and forms hierarchical structures and how different sources of feedback affect their gravitational collapse. However, despite their crucial role in cosmic structure formation and evolution, galaxy groups have received less attention compared to massive clusters. This is perhaps in part due to their rarity in being observed and properly characterized. With the advent of eROSITA, many thousands of galaxy groups will be detected by X-ray, complementing optical and SZ coverage. In this Special Issue we collected and organized the latest developments in our understanding of these systems and present future prospects from both observational and theoretical points of view.

Research & information: general --- fossil galaxy groups --- galaxy clusters --- galaxy groups --- X-ray and optical observations --- hydrodynamical simulations --- intragroup medium/plasma --- active galactic nuclei --- black holes --- elliptical galaxies --- active nuclei --- X-ray observations --- hydrodynamical and cosmological simulations --- galaxies:abundances --- galaxies:clusters:intracluster medium --- X-rays:galaxies --- galaxy surveys --- UV observations --- cosmological parameters --- n/a

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From Nobel Prize-winning physicist P.J.E. Peebles, the story of cosmology from Einstein to today Modern cosmology began a century ago with Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity and his notion of a homogenous, philosophically satisfying cosmos. Cosmology's Century is the story of how generations of scientists built on these thoughts and many new measurements to arrive at a well-tested physical theory of the structure and evolution of our expanding universe. In this landmark book, one of the world's most esteemed theoretical cosmologists offers an unparalleled personal perspective on how the field developed. P.J.E. Peebles was at the forefront of many of the greatest discoveries of the past century, making fundamental contributions to our understanding of the presence of helium and microwave radiation from the hot big bang, the measures of the distribution and motion of ordinary matter, and the new kind of dark matter that allows us to make sense of these results. Taking readers from the field's beginnings, Peebles describes how scientists working in independent directions found themselves converging on a theory of cosmic evolution interesting enough to warrant the rigorous testing it passes so well. He explores the major advances--some inspired by remarkable insights or perhaps just lucky guesses--as well as the wrong turns taken and the roads not explored. He shares recollections from major players in this story and provides a rare, inside look at how natural science is really done. A monumental work, Cosmology's Century also emphasizes where the present theory is incomplete, suggesting exciting directions for continuing research.

Cosmology --- Cosmologie --- History. --- Histoire --- A Spacetime Odyssey. --- CMB intensity spectrum. --- CMB thermal spectrum. --- CMB. --- Carl Sagan. --- Cosmos. --- Einstein. --- Finding the Big Bang. --- Gamow. --- Georges Lemaître. --- Lyman Page. --- Malcolm Longair. --- Neil deGrasse Tyson. --- R. Bruce Partridge. --- Stephen Hawking. --- Steven Weinberg. --- The Cosmic Century. --- Zel’dovich. --- cold dark matter. --- cosmic microwave background. --- fossil helium. --- galaxy clusters. --- general relativity. --- gravitational instability. --- homogeneity. --- hot big bang. --- interstellar cyanogen. --- microwave radiation. --- nonbaryonic dark matter. --- steady-state cosmology. --- subliminal matter. --- Cosmology. --- Universe.

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Examining Russia-EU relations in terms of the forms and types of power tools they use, this book argues that the deteriorating relations between Russia and the EU lie in the deep differences in their preferences for the international status quo. These different approaches, combined with economic interdependence and geographic proximity, means both parties experience significant difficulties in shaping strategy and formulating agendas with regards to each other. The Russian leadership is well aware of the EU's "authority orientation" but fails to reliably predict foreign policy at the EU level, whilst the EU realizes Russia's "coercive orientation" in general, but cannot predict when and where coercive tools will be used next. Russia is gradually realizing the importance of authority, while the EU sees the necessity of coercion tools for coping with certain challenges. The learning process is ongoing but the basic distinction remains unchanged and so their approaches cannot be reconciled as long as both actors exist in their current form. Using a theoretical framework and case studies including Belarus, Georgia and Ukraine, Busygina examines the possibilities and constraints that arise when the "power of authority" and the "power of coercion" interact with each other, and how this interaction affects third parties.

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