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The oral cavity harbors an immense diversity of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa and viruses. At health, oral microbial community is thought to be in a state of homeostasis, even after numerous perturbations (e.g., toothbrushing, food intake) a day. The breach in this homeostasis can occur for instance if the perturbations become too excessive (e.g., frequent carbohydrate intake leading to acidification of the community) or the host is compromised (e.g., inadequate immune response resulting in persistent inflammation of periodontal tissue). Aggressive antimicrobial therapy (e.g., antibiotics in case of periodontal disease or preventive antibiotic therapy before and after dental extractions) is commonly applied with all the negative consequences of this approach. So far little is known on the interplay between the environmental, host and microbial factors in maintaining an ecological balance. What are the prerequisites for a healthy oral ecosystem? Can we restore an unbalanced oral microbiome? How stable is the oral microbiome through time and how robust it is to external perturbations? Gaining new insights in the ecological factors sustaining oral health will lead to conceptually new therapies and preventive programs.

Quorum sensing (Microbiology) --- Communicable diseases. --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Oral ecology --- Quorum Sensing --- Immune System --- metatranscriptomics --- Biofilm --- horizontal gene transfer --- Fungal bacterial interactions --- Dental Plaque

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The oral cavity harbors an immense diversity of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa and viruses. At health, oral microbial community is thought to be in a state of homeostasis, even after numerous perturbations (e.g., toothbrushing, food intake) a day. The breach in this homeostasis can occur for instance if the perturbations become too excessive (e.g., frequent carbohydrate intake leading to acidification of the community) or the host is compromised (e.g., inadequate immune response resulting in persistent inflammation of periodontal tissue). Aggressive antimicrobial therapy (e.g., antibiotics in case of periodontal disease or preventive antibiotic therapy before and after dental extractions) is commonly applied with all the negative consequences of this approach. So far little is known on the interplay between the environmental, host and microbial factors in maintaining an ecological balance. What are the prerequisites for a healthy oral ecosystem? Can we restore an unbalanced oral microbiome? How stable is the oral microbiome through time and how robust it is to external perturbations? Gaining new insights in the ecological factors sustaining oral health will lead to conceptually new therapies and preventive programs.

Quorum sensing (Microbiology) --- Communicable diseases. --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Oral ecology --- Quorum Sensing --- Immune System --- metatranscriptomics --- Biofilm --- horizontal gene transfer --- Fungal bacterial interactions --- Dental Plaque --- Oral ecology --- Quorum Sensing --- Immune System --- metatranscriptomics --- Biofilm --- horizontal gene transfer --- Fungal bacterial interactions --- Dental Plaque

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. They cause deleterious effects on humans, animals, and plants. More than one hundred mycotoxins are known which contaminate food and feed raw materials. Fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination can occur directly in fields (pre-harvest stage), during storage, or during industrial processing (post-harvest stage). Given the proven toxicity of mycotoxins and their widespread distribution, it is necessary to prevent their occurrence in food and feed. To limit mycotoxin contamination, several techniques can be adopted at the pre-harvest or post-harvest stages. These techniques can reduce mycotoxin concentration through fungal growth reduction or mechanisms leading to mycotoxin degradation or mycotoxin detoxification (i.e., reduction of the toxicity). Until very recently, fungicides were favored to limit mycotoxin contamination by reducing fungal growth. Nonetheless, the sanitary and environmental impacts of these products and their effects on food quality encourage the development of alternative strategies based on biocontrol agents (BCAs) or natural compounds. Moreover, in some cases, fungal growth reduction can stimulate mycotoxin production. The focus of this Special Issue of Toxins is to gather the most recent advances related to reducing mycotoxin contamination in food and feed using BCAs and natural compounds. In this context, two main types of approaches can be proposed: Preventive methods that could be applied in the field, during storage, or during industrial processing and curative methods that detoxify contaminated matrices by eliminating the produced mycotoxin.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- antimycotoxigenic activity --- Citrullus colocynthis --- Aspergillus flavus --- model system --- HPLC-MS/MS --- fungal-bacterial interactions --- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens --- Fusarium graminearum --- Fengycin --- mycotoxins --- Alternaria alternata --- mycotoxin --- alternariol --- essential oil --- cell integrity --- oxidative stress --- Ochratoxin A --- biological control --- Qatari microflora --- Burkholderia cepacia --- thermostability --- antagonistic agents --- in vitro dual culture bioassay --- nutritional competition --- aflatoxin --- atoxigenic strain --- maize --- Serbia --- phenyllactic acid --- biocontrol agent --- T-2 toxin --- F. langsethiae --- F. sporotrichioides --- G. candidum --- mycotoxin. --- fullerol C60(OH)24 --- nanoparticles --- foodborne mycotoxigenic fungi --- secondary metabolism --- Aspergillus spp. --- Fusarium spp. --- Alternaria spp. --- Penicillium spp. --- antimycotoxigenic activity --- Citrullus colocynthis --- Aspergillus flavus --- model system --- HPLC-MS/MS --- fungal-bacterial interactions --- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens --- Fusarium graminearum --- Fengycin --- mycotoxins --- Alternaria alternata --- mycotoxin --- alternariol --- essential oil --- cell integrity --- oxidative stress --- Ochratoxin A --- biological control --- Qatari microflora --- Burkholderia cepacia --- thermostability --- antagonistic agents --- in vitro dual culture bioassay --- nutritional competition --- aflatoxin --- atoxigenic strain --- maize --- Serbia --- phenyllactic acid --- biocontrol agent --- T-2 toxin --- F. langsethiae --- F. sporotrichioides --- G. candidum --- mycotoxin. --- fullerol C60(OH)24 --- nanoparticles --- foodborne mycotoxigenic fungi --- secondary metabolism --- Aspergillus spp. --- Fusarium spp. --- Alternaria spp. --- Penicillium spp.