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According to the presented studies, the health condition of animals in rearing and breeding should be regularly monitored. This would allow early detection of delicate deviations in the body of clinically healthy individuals. Unfortunately, regular monitoring of the health of animals in commercial production is not performed. It follows that this type of research should be an introduction to further, more inquisitive steps. This can form the basis for further courses of action, indicating which organs or tissues field doctors or researchers should be interested in and what to pay attention to in order to find the correct answer, concerning the situation in the animal body. In the future, we should determine biomedical markers for use in precision veterinary medicine. In human medicine, this has been practiced with great success. The problem, however, is that we are getting to know more and more substances produced by mold fungi. This causes a build-up of new interpretative problems, causing health conditions (diagnosis), as well as analytical problems. To fully understand the results we need new techniques to assess toxicological and chemical hazards, including those related to undesirable substances. We need a solid knowledge of the biological pathways underlying the toxicity and tolerance to interference factors toxicological processes. We hope that the presented study will allow for a better understanding of mycotoxicoses that bother us and our animals, which will allow for more effective preventive actions.

zearalenone --- low doses --- steroid hormones --- biotransformation --- pre-pubertal gilts --- modified mycotoxin --- co-occurrence --- corn silage --- CIEB --- WST-1 --- NR --- SRB --- sphingolipid metabolism --- Sa/So --- global survey --- finished pig feed --- emerging mycotoxins --- DON --- toxicity --- combined toxicity --- IPEC-1 --- deoxynivalenol --- IPEC-J2 --- cell damage --- NF-κB inflammatory signal pathway --- pet food --- Fusarium --- ergosterol --- mycotoxins --- trichothecenes --- fumonisin B1 --- HPLC --- bioavailability --- estradiol --- testosterone --- blood concentration --- dairy --- aflatoxin --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- aflatoxin M1 --- GALT --- oxidative stress --- cytokine --- metabolism --- Cordyceps fungi --- mass production --- biosynthetic gene cluster --- safety --- enteric nervous system --- gastrointestinal tract --- mammals --- animal pathology --- intestines --- toxins --- feed --- histology --- ultrastructure --- pig --- hepatocyte --- liver --- synbiotics --- turkeys --- intestinal microbiota --- fecal enzymes --- ochratoxin A --- n/a

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Mycotoxins are considered the most frequently occurring natural contaminants in human and animal diets. Considering their potential toxic and carcinogenic effects, mycotoxin exposure assessment has particular importance in the context of health risk assessment. The magnitude of a given exposure allows the derivation of the associated risk and the potential for the establishment of a disease. Although food ingestion is considered a major route of human exposure to mycotoxins, other contexts may also result in exposure, such as specific occupational environments where exposure to organic dust also occurs due to the handling of organic materials. Animals could be exposed to mycotoxins through consumption of contaminated feed, subsequently entering in the food chain and thus constituting a source of exposure to humans. Human biomonitoring is considered a new frontier for the establishment of the human internal exposure to mycotoxins. Although several studies have summarized the potential outcomes associated with mycotoxin exposure, major gaps in data remain in recognizing the mycotoxins that are the cause of diseases. This book contributes provides research that supports the anticipation of potential consequences of the exposure of humans and animals to mycotoxins, future risk assessments, and the establishment of preventive measures.

metagenomic sequencing --- total diet study --- risk assessment --- n/a --- lipids --- Poultry --- fumonisin B1 --- triiodothyronine --- Transcriptome --- Kashin-Beck disease --- phospholipids --- intestinal microbiome --- mycotoxin binding --- pre-pubertal gilts --- children --- Fusarium mycotoxins co-contamination --- food consumption --- urinary biomarkers --- mitigation --- Aflatoxin M1 --- HPLC analysis --- absorption --- liver --- Cecum --- limit of detection --- Cecal Tonsil --- yeast cell wall extracts --- modelling --- swine production --- Turkey --- Fab’ --- fumonisins --- blood serum --- broilers --- affinity --- microbiota --- asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometer --- biomonitoring --- zearalenone --- doses --- mycotoxins --- clinical chemistry --- histopathology --- HT-2 toxin --- occupational exposure --- Vietnam --- aflatoxin B1 --- piglet --- cytotoxicity --- public health --- ochratoxin A --- oxidation --- T-2 toxin --- RNAseq --- intestinal mycobiome --- optical biosensors --- modified HSCAS --- lab-on-chip --- Lactobacillus casei Shirota --- mycotoxins mixture --- feed prevalence and safety --- Aflatoxin B1 --- Alloprevotella --- Fab' --- asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer