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The Values of Precision examines how exactitude has come to occupy such a prominent place in Western culture. What has been the value of numerical values? Beginning with the late eighteenth century and continuing into the twentieth, the essays in this volume support the view that centralizing states--with their increasingly widespread bureaucracies for managing trade, taxation, and armies--and large-scale commercial enterprises--with their requirements for standardization and mass production--have been the major promoters of numerical precision. Taking advantage of the resources available, scientists and engineers have entered a symbiotic relationship with state and industry, which in turn has led to increasingly refined measures in ever-widening domains of the natural and social world. At the heart of this book, therefore, is an inquiry into the capacity of numbers and instruments to travel across boundaries of culture and materials. Many of the papers focus attention on disagreements about the significance and the credibility of particular sorts of measurements deployed to support particular claims, as in the measures of the population of France, the electrical resistance of copper, or the solvency of insurance companies. At the same time they display the deeply cultural character of precision values. Contributors to the volume include Ken Alder, Graeme J. N. Gooday, Jan Golinski, Frederic L. Holmes, Kathryn M. Olesko, Theodore M. Porter, Andrea Rusnock, Simon Schaffer, George Sweetnam, Andrew Warwick, and M. Norton Wise.
Physical measurements --- History. --- Banks, Joseph. --- Bond, G. M. --- Cavendish, Henry. --- Finlaison, John. --- Haycraft, H. C. --- Helmholtz, Hermann. --- Hockin, Charles. --- Kirwan, Richard. --- accounting. --- accuracy and precision. --- algebra. --- arithmetic, mental. --- business. --- calcination. --- chance. --- consensus. --- decimal system. --- disciplined practice. --- diversity. --- ether. --- exactitude. --- factory. --- free and equal. --- gentleman. --- graphical method. --- integrity. --- intendants. --- justice. --- language. --- manufactory. --- military. --- moral qualities. --- network. --- objectification. --- persuasion. --- quantification. --- replication. --- reproduction.
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Pragmatism and its consequences are central issues in American politics today, yet scholars rarely examine in detail the relationship between pragmatism and politics. In The Priority of Democracy, Jack Knight and James Johnson systematically explore the subject and make a strong case for adopting a pragmatist approach to democratic politics--and for giving priority to democracy in the process of selecting and reforming political institutions. What is the primary value of democracy? When should we make decisions democratically and when should we rely on markets? And when should we accept the decisions of unelected officials, such as judges or bureaucrats? Knight and Johnson explore how a commitment to pragmatism should affect our answers to such important questions. They conclude that democracy is a good way of determining how these kinds of decisions should be made--even if what the democratic process determines is that not all decisions should be made democratically. So, for example, the democratically elected U.S. Congress may legitimately remove monetary policy from democratic decision-making by putting it under the control of the Federal Reserve. Knight and Johnson argue that pragmatism offers an original and compelling justification of democracy in terms of the unique contributions democratic institutions can make to processes of institutional choice. This focus highlights the important role that democracy plays, not in achieving consensus or commonality, but rather in addressing conflicts. Indeed, Knight and Johnson suggest that democratic politics is perhaps best seen less as a way of reaching consensus or agreement than as a way of structuring the terms of persistent disagreement.
Democracy --- Philosophy. --- American politics. --- U.S. Congress. --- ambiguity. --- anti-skepticism. --- argument. --- bureaucracy. --- collective decision making. --- collective decision. --- collective decisions. --- collective outcomes. --- consequentialism. --- decentralized markets. --- decentralized mechanisms. --- democracy. --- democratic argument. --- democratic arrangements. --- democratic competition. --- democratic decision making. --- democratic institutional framework. --- democratic institutions. --- democratic politics. --- democratic process. --- democratic processes. --- diversity. --- effective participation. --- equal political participation. --- equality. --- fallibilism. --- formal decision making. --- free-and-equal-participation. --- freedom. --- individual participation. --- instability. --- institutional arrangements. --- institutional choice. --- institutional performance. --- judicial decision making. --- liberalism. --- markets. --- political argument. --- political consequences. --- political debate. --- political-economic institutions. --- populism. --- pragmatism. --- reflexivity. --- social choice theory. --- social choice. --- social cooperation. --- social disagreement. --- social interaction. --- social norms. --- voting. --- Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Political sociology --- Political systems
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