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Two new temperature programs have been developed to fractionate cocoa butter in an environmentally friendly way. The first route is based on the fractional crystallization of melted cocoa butter and produces a stearin fraction enriched in saturated fatty acids (+3.8%). Conversely, the second route involves fractional melting of crystallized cocoa butter and yields an olein fraction enriched in unsaturated fatty acids (+1.7%), diacylglycerols (+0.6%) and free fatty acids (+0.6%). Direct fractionation in the cocoa mass was also explored. The physical properties of the resulting fractions were studied by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry and rheology. Correlations between the physical properties and chemical compositions of these fractions were finally established. Cette étude a mis sur pied deux programmes de température permettant de fractionner le beurre de cacao de manière écologique. Le premier se base sur la cristallisation fractionnée du beurre de cacao fondu et produit une fraction stéarine enrichie en acides gras saturés (+3,8%). Le second utilise la fusion fractionnée du beurre de cacao cristallisé et produit une fraction oléine enrichie en acides gras insaturés (+1,7%), en diglycérides (+0,6%) et en acides gras libres (+0,6%). En outre, le fractionnement direct de la masse de cacao a été exploré. Les propriétés physiques des fractions obtenues ont été étudiées par résonance magnétique nucléaire pulsée, analyse calorimétrique différentielle et rhéologie. Suite à ces expérimentations, des corrélations entre les propriétés physiques et les compositions chimiques de ces fractions ont pu être établies.
Cocoa butter, cocoa mass, dry fractionation, fractional crystallization, fractional melting, centrifugation, kinetics of crystallization --- Beurre de cacao, masse de cacao, fractionnement par voie sèche, cristallisation fractionnée, fusion fractionnée, centrifugation, cinétique de cristallisation --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie chimique
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This Special Issue covers a broad range of topics related to the mineralogy of noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ru) and the occurrence, formation, and distribution of these elements in natural ore-forming systems. This collection of eleven research articles discusses various problems related to these topics. I hope this Special Issue will contribute to a better understanding of the genesis of gold, silver, and other noble metal deposits as well as the behavior of these elements in endogenic and supergene environments, and suggest ways forward to solving the problem of their full extraction from ores.
Southeast Guizhou --- n/a --- Nibao gold deposit --- arsenopyrite --- gold selenide --- mineralization age --- thermodynamic modeling --- S)-oxides --- Cu-Fe-Ni-S system --- chlorargyrite --- colloids --- Fe-Sb(Te --- pyrite --- mustard gold --- Mössbauer Effect --- platinum --- gold mineralization --- nanoparticles --- magnetite veins --- dyscrasite --- chloride complexes --- calaverite --- metalloid elements --- maletoyvayamite --- gold ore deposits --- ligand surroundings --- platinum-group elements --- fractional crystallization --- fluid regime --- native gold --- Southern Urals --- monolithic and porous gold --- Rb–Sr isotopic composition --- Gaching ore deposit --- antigorite serpentinites --- Fennoscandian Shield --- zircon U–Pb age --- Ag --- karst cavities --- gold sulfoselenide --- Yunnan–Guizhou–Guangxi “Golden Triangle” region --- As)-oxides --- distribution --- sulfide minerals --- Tl tellurates and antimonates --- gold ore field --- valleriite --- gold --- Tl oxides (avicennite) --- nucleation --- drop-shaped inclusions --- As --- structural and surficial modes --- Kolmozero–Voronya belt --- gold source --- S --- Au --- non-equal positions --- ore genesis --- XPS --- liquid intermediates --- crystal lattice --- Chaoyangzhai gold deposit --- Au-Sb(Te --- Kagan ultramafic massif --- deposition --- invisible species --- noble metals --- in situ sulfur isotopes --- Se --- “invisible” gold --- Oleninskoe deposit --- ore-forming fluid --- Tl carbonates
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