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Today, thin films are near-ubiquitous and are utilised in a very wide range of industrially and scientifically important areas. These include familiar everyday instances such as anti-reflective coatings on ophthalmic lenses, smartphone optics, photovoltaics, decorative, and tool coatings. A range of somewhat more exotic applications also exists, such as astronomical instrumentation (e.g., ultra-low loss dielectric mirrors and beam splitters in gravitational wave detectors, such as laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory (LIGO)), gas sensing, medical devices and implants, and accelerator coatings (e.g., coatings for the large hadron collider (LHC), and compact linear collider (CLIC) experiments at European organization for nuclear research (CERN)). This Special Issue will provide a platform for researchers working in any area within this highly diverse field to share and exchange their latest research findings. The Special Issue contains novel studies encompassing material characterisation techniques, a range of thin-film coating deposition processes and applications of such technology.

Technology: general issues --- PECVD --- plasma diagnostics --- nc-Si:H --- RF-PECVD --- Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) --- quadruple mass spectrometry (QMS) --- optical emission spectroscopy (OES) --- X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) --- micro hollow glass spheres (MHGS) --- solid micro glass spheres (SMGS) --- liquid phase deposition (LPD) --- aluminum coating --- β-Ga2O3 --- MOCVD --- VI/III ratio --- scandium stabilized zirconia thin films --- e-beam physical vapor deposition --- thin films ceramics --- Raman spectroscopy --- X-ray diffraction --- initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) --- superhydrophobic --- fluoropolymer --- thin film --- atomic layer deposition --- nanomechanics --- Young’s modulus --- shear modulus --- resonant frequency --- Q-factor --- microcantilevers --- internal stress --- nickel–chromium --- thin film thermocouples --- physical vapor deposition --- flat film extrusion --- foil quality --- MgF2 --- color center absorption --- density --- crystal frequency --- stress --- adhesion --- polarization controlling --- dual functional-metalens --- focusing --- splitting --- PVD coatings --- nanoindentation --- brittle cracking --- fracture toughness --- diamond coatings --- residual stresses --- interfacial fatigue strength --- annealing --- milling --- n/a --- Young's modulus --- nickel-chromium

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The book is an amazing collection of technical papers dealing with hybrid rockets. Once perceived as a niche technology, for about a decade, hybrid rockets have enjoyed renewed interest from both the propulsion technical community and industry. Hybrid motors can be used in practically all applications where a rocket is employed, but there are certain cases where they present a superior fit, such as sounding rockets, tactical missile systems, launch boosters and the emerging field of commercial space transportation. The novel space tourism business, indeed, will benefit from their safety and lower recurrent development costs. The subjects addressed in the book include the cutting edge technology employed to push forward this relatively new propulsion concept, spanning systems to improve fuel regression rate, control of the mixture ratio to optimize performance, computational fluid dynamics applied to the simulation of the internal ballistics, and some other novel system applications.

hybrid rocket --- marine propulsion --- rupture disc --- idling operation --- underwater environment --- hybrid rocket engines --- multidisciplinary design optimization --- robust optimization --- electric feed system --- ballistic reconstruction technique --- fuel regression --- nozzle erosion --- c∗ efficiency --- hybrid --- regression rate --- self-disintegration --- HTPB --- paraffin --- low-energy polymer --- magnesium --- fuel regression rate --- internal ballistics --- computational fluid dynamics --- hybrid rocket propulsion --- swirl oxidizer injection --- feedback loop control --- error propagation analysis --- resistor-based sensors --- rocket --- regression --- Marxman --- diffusion-limited --- blowing factor --- 3D printing --- fuel grain --- hybrid combustion --- modeling and simulation --- hybrid propulsion --- paraffin-based fuel --- oxygen --- combustion --- testing --- nano-sized aluminum --- micron-sized aluminum --- fluoropolymer --- mechanically activated aluminum --- coated aluminum --- fuel-rich composite powder --- aluminum aggregation --- aluminum agglomeration --- mass burning rate --- n/a --- “green” propellants --- nitrous oxide decomposition --- energy of activation --- 3-D printing --- hybrid rocket engine --- sounding rocket --- carbon fiber composite --- engine test --- total impulse --- lightweight design --- ignition system --- gas torch --- methane-oxygen combustion --- vortex combustion chamber --- hybrid rocket motor --- ramjet motor --- "green" propellants

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The book is an amazing collection of technical papers dealing with hybrid rockets. Once perceived as a niche technology, for about a decade, hybrid rockets have enjoyed renewed interest from both the propulsion technical community and industry. Hybrid motors can be used in practically all applications where a rocket is employed, but there are certain cases where they present a superior fit, such as sounding rockets, tactical missile systems, launch boosters and the emerging field of commercial space transportation. The novel space tourism business, indeed, will benefit from their safety and lower recurrent development costs. The subjects addressed in the book include the cutting edge technology employed to push forward this relatively new propulsion concept, spanning systems to improve fuel regression rate, control of the mixture ratio to optimize performance, computational fluid dynamics applied to the simulation of the internal ballistics, and some other novel system applications.

History of engineering & technology --- hybrid rocket --- marine propulsion --- rupture disc --- idling operation --- underwater environment --- hybrid rocket engines --- multidisciplinary design optimization --- robust optimization --- electric feed system --- ballistic reconstruction technique --- fuel regression --- nozzle erosion --- c∗ efficiency --- hybrid --- regression rate --- self-disintegration --- HTPB --- paraffin --- low-energy polymer --- magnesium --- fuel regression rate --- internal ballistics --- computational fluid dynamics --- hybrid rocket propulsion --- swirl oxidizer injection --- feedback loop control --- error propagation analysis --- resistor-based sensors --- rocket --- regression --- Marxman --- diffusion-limited --- blowing factor --- 3D printing --- fuel grain --- hybrid combustion --- modeling and simulation --- hybrid propulsion --- paraffin-based fuel --- oxygen --- combustion --- testing --- nano-sized aluminum --- micron-sized aluminum --- fluoropolymer --- mechanically activated aluminum --- coated aluminum --- fuel-rich composite powder --- aluminum aggregation --- aluminum agglomeration --- mass burning rate --- "green" propellants --- nitrous oxide decomposition --- energy of activation --- 3-D printing --- hybrid rocket engine --- sounding rocket --- carbon fiber composite --- engine test --- total impulse --- lightweight design --- ignition system --- gas torch --- methane-oxygen combustion --- vortex combustion chamber --- hybrid rocket motor --- ramjet motor --- hybrid rocket --- marine propulsion --- rupture disc --- idling operation --- underwater environment --- hybrid rocket engines --- multidisciplinary design optimization --- robust optimization --- electric feed system --- ballistic reconstruction technique --- fuel regression --- nozzle erosion --- c∗ efficiency --- hybrid --- regression rate --- self-disintegration --- HTPB --- paraffin --- low-energy polymer --- magnesium --- fuel regression rate --- internal ballistics --- computational fluid dynamics --- hybrid rocket propulsion --- swirl oxidizer injection --- feedback loop control --- error propagation analysis --- resistor-based sensors --- rocket --- regression --- Marxman --- diffusion-limited --- blowing factor --- 3D printing --- fuel grain --- hybrid combustion --- modeling and simulation --- hybrid propulsion --- paraffin-based fuel --- oxygen --- combustion --- testing --- nano-sized aluminum --- micron-sized aluminum --- fluoropolymer --- mechanically activated aluminum --- coated aluminum --- fuel-rich composite powder --- aluminum aggregation --- aluminum agglomeration --- mass burning rate --- "green" propellants --- nitrous oxide decomposition --- energy of activation --- 3-D printing --- hybrid rocket engine --- sounding rocket --- carbon fiber composite --- engine test --- total impulse --- lightweight design --- ignition system --- gas torch --- methane-oxygen combustion --- vortex combustion chamber --- hybrid rocket motor --- ramjet motor

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The combination of functional polymers with inorganic nanostructured compounds has become a major area of research and technological development owing to the remarkable properties and multifunctionalities deriving from their nano and hybrid structures. In this context, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSs) have increasing importance and a dominant position with respect to the reinforcement of polymeric materials. Although POSSs were first described in 1946 by Scott, these materials, however, have not immediately been successful if we consider that, starting from 1946 and up to 1995, we find in the literature 85 manuscripts regarding POSSs; which means that less than two papers per year were published over 50 years. Since 1995, we observe an exponential growth of scientific manuscripts concerning POSSs. It is changing from an annual average of 20 manuscripts for the period 1995–2000 to an annual average of about 400 manuscripts, with an increase of 2800%. The introduction of POSSs inorganic nanostructures into polymers gives rise to polymer nanostructured materials (PNMs) with interesting mechanical and physical properties, thus representing a radical alternative to the traditional filled polymers or polymer compositions.

graphene oxide --- n/a --- lithium ion battery --- liquefied --- polypropylene --- silsesquioxanes --- self-assembly behaviors --- nanocomposites --- Octavinyl-POSS --- polyimide --- thermal properties --- polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-based ionic liquids --- aqueous self-assembly --- bi-functional POSS --- blends --- low refractive material --- cellular structure --- mechanism analysis --- morphology --- flame retardant --- hydrogels --- mercapto-modified --- damping --- POSS nanoparticles --- phthalonitrile polymers --- mechanical properties --- flame-retardant mechanism --- thiol-ene ‘click’ reaction --- POSS --- poly(?-caprolactone) --- siloxane-silsesquioxane resins --- polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) --- surface properties --- fluoropolymer --- thiol–ene “click” reaction --- Monomethacryloxy POSS --- monodisperse --- thermogravimetry --- OLEDs --- fluorescent sensors --- double-decker-shaped silsesquioxane (DDSQ) --- dielectric constant --- composites --- organic-inorganic hybrids --- poly(?-caprolactone) nanocomposite --- POSS-based copolymer --- organic-inorganic crosslinking --- optoelectronics --- flame retardancy --- cone calorimeter tests --- lauryl methacrylate --- octa-ammonium POSS --- nitroaromatic explosives --- phthalonitrile-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane copolymers --- cyanate ester --- thermoplastic polyurethane --- sodium alginate --- giant surfactant --- benzoxazine --- thermal stability --- temperature responsiveness --- polymerization kinetics --- mechanical performance --- Si@C anode --- ridgid polyurethane foams --- epoxy resin --- grafting synthesis --- direct synthesis --- filler --- bridged silsesquioxane --- hydrophobic modification --- dispersion --- polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes --- anchor effect --- thiol-ene 'click' reaction --- thiol-ene "click" reaction