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Mitochondria, organelles surrounded by a double membrane and with their own small genome, are the cells’ energy centers. Besides the production of ATP through cellular respiration, mitochondria play a pivotal role in other aspects of the life and death of a cell: heat production, programmed cell death, the regulation of metabolic activity, immunity, and calcium homeostasis. A number of diseases are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including cardiovascular, neurological, inflammatory, and metabolic disorders as well as cancer. Mitochondria therefore represent an important therapy target, and it is not surprising that a number of different treatment strategies have emerged. Approaches targeting mitochondria can be split into two opposite categories: drugs that restore mitochondrial function and drugs that trigger mitochondria-mediated cell death. Targeted drug delivery to achieve the selective accumulation of drug molecules in mitochondria is complex and involves methods such as direct drug modification or encapsulation into nanocarriers.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- retinal ischemia --- blood-brain barrier --- endothelial --- reactive oxygen species --- oxidative stress --- tunneling nanotubules --- neuron --- central nervous system --- inflammation --- hypoxia --- anticancer peptide (ACP) --- antimicrobial peptide (AMP) --- anticancer peptides --- antimicrobial peptides --- host defense peptides --- prediction --- random forest --- mitochondria --- mitochondrial DNA --- mitochondrial disorders --- pharmacological therapy --- gene therapy --- precision medicine --- cardiovascular disease --- drug delivery --- mitochondria dysfunctions --- nanocarriers --- oxoglutarate carrier --- malate-aspartate shuttle --- cancer metabolism --- ATP production --- diphenyleneiodonium --- NADPH-oxidase --- differentiation --- proliferation --- mitochondria-targeted antioxidants --- LPS --- mitochondrial ROS --- antitumor agents --- fluorescence lifetime imaging --- medicinal chemistry --- metabolic drug --- mitochondrial carrier --- melanoma --- plumbagin --- cytotoxic effect --- metabolism --- cholesterol --- lipid raft --- mitochondrial permeability transition pore --- alkylphospholipid analog --- edelfosine --- mitochondrial oncometabolites --- cancer drug resistance --- mitochondrial disease --- heteroplasmy --- mitochondrial gene delivery --- retinal ischemia --- blood-brain barrier --- endothelial --- reactive oxygen species --- oxidative stress --- tunneling nanotubules --- neuron --- central nervous system --- inflammation --- hypoxia --- anticancer peptide (ACP) --- antimicrobial peptide (AMP) --- anticancer peptides --- antimicrobial peptides --- host defense peptides --- prediction --- random forest --- mitochondria --- mitochondrial DNA --- mitochondrial disorders --- pharmacological therapy --- gene therapy --- precision medicine --- cardiovascular disease --- drug delivery --- mitochondria dysfunctions --- nanocarriers --- oxoglutarate carrier --- malate-aspartate shuttle --- cancer metabolism --- ATP production --- diphenyleneiodonium --- NADPH-oxidase --- differentiation --- proliferation --- mitochondria-targeted antioxidants --- LPS --- mitochondrial ROS --- antitumor agents --- fluorescence lifetime imaging --- medicinal chemistry --- metabolic drug --- mitochondrial carrier --- melanoma --- plumbagin --- cytotoxic effect --- metabolism --- cholesterol --- lipid raft --- mitochondrial permeability transition pore --- alkylphospholipid analog --- edelfosine --- mitochondrial oncometabolites --- cancer drug resistance --- mitochondrial disease --- heteroplasmy --- mitochondrial gene delivery

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Still, only a tiny fraction of PDT’s potential has been realized in the clinical practice guideline. Nevertheless, multiple contributions from all over the world emphasize the importance of PDT and signal that there is much more to expect!

Medicine --- Pharmaceutical industries --- antibiotic resistance --- virulence factors --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- photodynamic therapy --- cyanine dyes --- cancer therapy --- irradiation --- antimicrobial photodynamic therapy --- periodontitis --- scaling and root planing --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- colon carcinoma cells --- stress responses --- candidiasis --- C. albicans --- methylene blue --- tetraether liposomes --- nebulisation --- liposomal stability --- curcumin --- A549 cells --- PDT mechanisms --- new photosensitizers --- PDT tumor treatment --- antimicrobial PDT --- non-oncologic applications of PDT --- PDT in medical devices --- photosensitizers --- liposomes --- stealth liposomes --- thermosensitive liposomes --- tetraether lipids --- cancer --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus --- hypericin --- wound infection model --- targeted delivery --- head and neck cancer --- nanoparticles --- 5-aminolevulinic acid --- ALA-based photodynamic therapy --- phototherapy --- extracorporeal --- photopheresis --- chronic graft-versus-host disease --- light --- malignant tumors --- nanomedicine --- natural photosensitizer --- photobiomodulation (PBM) --- photodynamic therapy (PDT) --- porphyrins --- fluorescence lifetime imaging miscroscopy (FLIM) --- antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) --- Helicobacter pylori biofilm --- experimental arthritis --- multi-drug resistance --- antibiotic synergy --- dental caries --- oral biofilms --- Fotoenticine --- chlorine --- antimicrobials --- ROS --- combinatory strategies --- multidrug resistance --- wound healing --- low-dose photodynamic therapy --- photosensitizer --- two-photon microscopy --- second-harmonic-generation-to-auto-fluorescence aging index of the dermis --- actinic keratosis --- physcion --- hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin --- low dose photodynamic therapy --- optical coherence tomography --- aggregation-induced emission --- organelles targeting --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- viral inactivation --- photodynamic inactivation --- SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus --- enveloped virus --- UV-C light --- antimicrobial nanomaterials --- carbon nanotubes --- graphene --- magnetic nanoparticles --- hydrogel --- photothermal therapy --- nanocarrier --- actinic keratoses --- combination --- topical --- systemic --- laser --- n/a