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The main goal of this Special Issue was to contribute to, highlight and discuss topics related to various aspects of two-phase gas–liquid flows, which can be used both in fundamental sciences and practical applications, and we believe that this main goal was successfully achieved. This Special Issue received studies from Russia, China, Thailand, ROC-Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan. We were very grateful to see that all the papers presented findings characterized as unconventional, innovative, and methodologically new. We hope that the readers of the journal Water can enjoy and learn about the experimental and numerical study of two-phase flows from the published material, and share these results with the scientific community, policymakers and stakeholders. Last but not least, we would like to thank Ms. Aroa Wang, Assistant Editor at MDPI, for her dedication and willingness to publish this Special Issue. She is a major supporter of the Special Issues, and we are indebted to her.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- self-aeration --- chute flow --- air concentration --- velocity --- experimental study --- water vapor --- coherent phase --- exclusion zone --- redox potential --- pH --- infrared --- microdroplets --- wall shear stress --- oscillating two-phase fluctuation flow --- heat transfer --- magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) --- dust particles --- capillary waves --- surface wave --- subharmonic --- resonance --- COMSOL --- ultrasonic atomizer --- oil–water–gas flow --- flow pattern --- water holdup --- dimensionless analysis --- hydrodynamics --- high reduced pressure --- flow boiling --- turbulent bubbly flow --- backward-facing step --- PIV/PLIF measurements --- RANS modeling --- flow structure --- gas-droplet turbulent flow --- droplet vaporization and dispersion --- Eulerian modeling --- spray cooling --- transparent heater --- high-speed video recording --- infrared thermography --- n/a --- oil-water-gas flow

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This book collects the accepted contributions to the Special Issue "The Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow" in the Energies journal of MDPI. It is focused more on practical applications of numerical codes than in its development. It covers a wide variety of topics, from aeroacoustics to aerodynamics and flow-particles interaction.

cave formation --- P-waves --- S-waves --- Stoneley wave --- scattered wave --- bluff body --- roughness model --- Venturi effect --- suppression hybrid control --- Lagrangian description --- Formula 1 --- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) --- external aerodynamics --- OpenFoam --- snappyHexMesh --- incompressible flow --- Federation Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) --- downforce --- drag --- vortex --- wake --- bluff body aerodynamics --- boundary layer separation --- vortex shedding --- Lagrangian vortex method --- vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) --- two-dimensional wake simulation --- finite vortex method --- vortex particle method --- three-dimensional effect correction model of the wake --- local radial point interpolation cumulant LBM --- aeroacoustics --- dispersion --- dissipation --- wind turbine --- immersed boundary method --- quasi multi-moment method --- incompressible Navier–Stokes equation --- dispersion-relation-preserving --- flow–structure interaction

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The main goal of this Special Issue was to contribute to, highlight and discuss topics related to various aspects of two-phase gas–liquid flows, which can be used both in fundamental sciences and practical applications, and we believe that this main goal was successfully achieved. This Special Issue received studies from Russia, China, Thailand, ROC-Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan. We were very grateful to see that all the papers presented findings characterized as unconventional, innovative, and methodologically new. We hope that the readers of the journal Water can enjoy and learn about the experimental and numerical study of two-phase flows from the published material, and share these results with the scientific community, policymakers and stakeholders. Last but not least, we would like to thank Ms. Aroa Wang, Assistant Editor at MDPI, for her dedication and willingness to publish this Special Issue. She is a major supporter of the Special Issues, and we are indebted to her.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- self-aeration --- chute flow --- air concentration --- velocity --- experimental study --- water vapor --- coherent phase --- exclusion zone --- redox potential --- pH --- infrared --- microdroplets --- wall shear stress --- oscillating two-phase fluctuation flow --- heat transfer --- magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) --- dust particles --- capillary waves --- surface wave --- subharmonic --- resonance --- COMSOL --- ultrasonic atomizer --- oil-water-gas flow --- flow pattern --- water holdup --- dimensionless analysis --- hydrodynamics --- high reduced pressure --- flow boiling --- turbulent bubbly flow --- backward-facing step --- PIV/PLIF measurements --- RANS modeling --- flow structure --- gas-droplet turbulent flow --- droplet vaporization and dispersion --- Eulerian modeling --- spray cooling --- transparent heater --- high-speed video recording --- infrared thermography

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The Special Issue “Assessment and Nonlinear Modeling of Wave, Tidal, and Wind Energy Converters and Turbines” contributes original research to stimulate the continuing progress of the offshore renewable energy (ORE) field, with a focus on state-of-the-art numerical approaches developed for the design and analysis of ORE devices. Particularly, this collection provides new methodologies, analytical/numerical tools, and theoretical methods that deal with engineering problems in the ORE field of wave, wind, and current structures. This Special Issue covers a wide range of multidisciplinary aspects, such as the 1) study of generalized interaction wake model systems with elm variation for offshore wind farms; 2) a flower pollination method based on global maximum power point tracking strategy for point-absorbing type wave energy converters; 3) performance optimization of a Kirsten–Boeing turbine using a metamodel based on neural networks coupled with CFD; 4) proposal of a novel semi-submersible floating wind turbine platform composed of inclined columns and multi-segmented mooring lines; 5) reduction of tower fatigue through blade back twist and active pitch-to-stall control strategy for a semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine; 6) assessment of primary energy conversion of a closed-circuit OWC wave energy converter; 7) development and validation of a wave-to-wire model for two types of OWC wave energy converters; 8) assessment of a hydrokinetic energy converter based on vortex-induced angular oscillations of a cylinder; 9) application of wave-turbulence decomposition methods on a tidal energy site assessment; 10) parametric study for an oscillating water column wave energy conversion system installed on a breakwater; 11) optimal dimensions of a semisubmersible floating platform for a 10 MW wind turbine; 12) fatigue life assessment for power cables floating in offshore wind turbines.

off-shore wind farms (OSWFs) --- wake model --- wind turbine (WT) --- Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) --- wind power (WP) --- large-eddy simulation (LES) --- point-absorbing --- wave energy converter (WEC) --- maximum power point tracking (MPPT) --- flower pollination algorithm (FPA) --- power take-off (PTO) --- hill-climbing method --- Kirsten–Boeing --- vertical axis turbine --- optimization --- neural nets --- Tensorflow --- ANSYS CFX --- metamodeling --- FOWT --- multi-segmented mooring line --- inclined columns --- semi-submersible --- AFWT --- floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) --- pitch-to-stall --- blade back twist --- tower fore–aft moments --- negative damping --- blade flapwise moment --- tower axial fatigue life --- wave energy --- oscillating water column --- tank testing --- valves --- air compressibility --- air turbine --- wave-to-wire model --- energy harnessing --- energy converter --- flow-induced oscillations --- vortex-induced vibration --- flow–structure interaction --- hydrodynamics --- vortex shedding --- cylinder wake --- tidal energy --- site assessment --- wave-current interaction --- turbulence --- integral length scales --- wave-turbulence decomposition --- OWC --- wave power converting system --- parametric study --- caisson breakwater application --- floating offshore wind turbines --- frequency domain model --- semisubmersible platform --- 10 MW wind turbines --- large floating platform --- platform optimization --- wind energy --- floating offshore wind turbine --- dynamic analysis --- fatigue life assessment --- flexible power cables --- Daguragu / Kalkaringi / Wave Hill (Central NT SE52-08)

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The subject of this book is ""Biofuel and Bioenergy Technology"". It aims to publish high-quality review and research papers, addressing recent advances in biofuel and bioenergy. State-of-the-art studies of advanced techniques of biorefinery for biofuel production are also included. Research involving experimental studies, recent developments, and novel and emerging technologies in this field are covered. This book contains twenty-seven technical papers which cover diversified biofuel and bioenergy technology-related research that have shown critical results and contributed significant findings to the fields of biomass processing, pyrolysis, bio-oil and its emulsification; transesterification and biodiesel, gasification and syngas, fermentation and biogas/methane, bioethanol and alcohol-based fuels, solid fuel and biochar, and microbial fuel cell and power generation development. The published contents relate to the most important techniques and analyses applied in the biofuel and bioenergy technology.

equilibrium model --- simulation --- syngas --- waste biomass --- calcination --- polymer electrolyte membrane --- combined pretreatment --- anaerobic digestion --- alkali pretreatment --- validation --- biodiesel --- synergistic effect --- relative humidity --- unbleached paper --- synergistic effects --- waste wood --- RSM --- stone fruit --- corn stover --- microbial community --- fatty acid methyl ester --- acid pretreatment --- energy exchange --- coal-fired flue-gas --- bio-electro-Fenton microbial fuel cells (Bio-E-Fenton MFCs) --- SOFC --- lignocellulose --- bio-oils --- diesel --- seed oil --- Clostridiales --- liquefaction --- sewage sludge --- counter-flow structure --- lignin recovery --- Vietnam --- iodine value --- hydrodynamic boundary layer --- energy yield --- second-generation biodiesel --- CHO index --- Jerusalem artichoke --- Carica papaya --- mass yield --- biochemical methane potential --- Chlorella --- engine performance --- emulsification --- single cell oil --- chemical oxygen demand (COD) --- anaerobic fermentation --- superabsorbent polymer --- isopropanol --- viscosity --- esterification --- mathematical modeling --- charge transfer resistance --- ball mill --- Annona muricata --- membrane bioreactors --- ethanol organosolv --- direct transesterification --- Methanothermobacter --- screening --- Rhodotorula glutinis --- pyrolytic oil --- acetone --- soursop --- degradation --- torrefaction --- alcohols --- electroactive biofilm --- nitric acid --- organosolv pretreatment --- optimisation --- digester performance --- biodiesel production --- air-steam gasification --- acidity index --- prairie cord grass --- thermophoretic force --- recirculation mode --- wastewater --- alkanes --- tar --- biogas production --- two-step process --- thermogravimetric analysis --- electrochemical hydrogenation --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- herbaceous biomass --- hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio --- solid biofuel --- biodiesel testing --- catalyst --- exergy --- membrane contamination --- characterisation --- Nejayote --- methane --- photo catalyst --- gross calorific value --- bioreactors --- wastewater treatment --- response surface methodology --- MFC --- redox potential reduction --- microbial biofuel --- ethanol fermentation --- mechanical durability --- Van Krevelen diagram --- biodiesel property --- direct interspecies electron transfer --- lignocellulosic biomass --- methane and carbon dioxide conversion --- liquid lipase --- non-premixed combustion --- hydrogen-producing bacteria --- surfactant --- Taguchi method --- shear rate --- carbon dioxide --- calorific value --- biomass fuel --- granular activated carbon --- porosity --- biogas --- Miscanthus --- mixotrophic cultivation --- first-law/second-law efficiency --- voltage --- microbial community composition --- small-scale biogas plants --- mechanical pretreatment --- developing countries --- transesterification --- process stability --- co-surfactant --- thermophilic anaerobic digestion --- tri-reforming process --- metabolic engineering --- exergy efficiency