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The considerable number of viral infectious disease threats that have emerged since the beginning of the 21st century have shown the need to dispose global and coordinated responses to fight properly and efficiently against them. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (2003), avian influenza in humans (2005), A(H1N1) pandemic influenza (2009), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (2012 onward) and Ebola virus disease (2014-2015) are some of the most important examples. The latest emerging and devastating threat was Zika virus, an arbovirus that provoked more than 500,000 suspicious cases in the Americas in 2016 and notable processes of social and medical alarms due to the evidence of a causal link between Zika virus and several congenital injuries, like microcephaly, as well as due to its association with neurological disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults (PAHO, 2017). In the framework of this global response and multistrategic approach, the purpose of this Research Topic is to provide updated information and novel researches about control strategies, encompassing virological, entomological and epidemiological data, in order to reach the triad of protagonists of transmission cycles (virus, mosquitoes and humans).

Public Health --- Mosquitoes --- Zika virus --- Arbovirus --- Microcephaly --- Epidemiology --- Flavivirus --- Guillain-Barre Syndrome --- Public Health --- Mosquitoes --- Zika virus --- Arbovirus --- Microcephaly --- Epidemiology --- Flavivirus --- Guillain-Barre Syndrome

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The considerable number of viral infectious disease threats that have emerged since the beginning of the 21st century have shown the need to dispose global and coordinated responses to fight properly and efficiently against them. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (2003), avian influenza in humans (2005), A(H1N1) pandemic influenza (2009), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (2012 onward) and Ebola virus disease (2014-2015) are some of the most important examples. The latest emerging and devastating threat was Zika virus, an arbovirus that provoked more than 500,000 suspicious cases in the Americas in 2016 and notable processes of social and medical alarms due to the evidence of a causal link between Zika virus and several congenital injuries, like microcephaly, as well as due to its association with neurological disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults (PAHO, 2017). In the framework of this global response and multistrategic approach, the purpose of this Research Topic is to provide updated information and novel researches about control strategies, encompassing virological, entomological and epidemiological data, in order to reach the triad of protagonists of transmission cycles (virus, mosquitoes and humans).

Public Health --- Mosquitoes --- Zika virus --- Arbovirus --- Microcephaly --- Epidemiology --- Flavivirus --- Guillain-Barre Syndrome

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Molecular virology. --- Flaviviruses. --- Flavivirus --- Flavivirus Infections --- Genes, Viral. --- Viral Vaccines --- genetics. --- immunology. --- therapeutic use. --- Flaviviruses --- Molecular virology --- Viruses --- Molecular microbiology --- Virology --- Flaviviridae --- Group B arboviruses --- Arboviruses --- RNA viruses --- Molecular aspects

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Scientific research on dengue has a long and rich history. The literature has been touched by famous names in medicine- Benjamin Rush, Walter Reed, and Albert Sabin, to name a very few- and has been fertile ground for medical historians . The advances made in those early investigations are all the more remarkable for the limited tools available at the time. The demonstration of a viral etiology for dengue fever, the recognition of mosquitoes as the vector for transmission to humans, and the existence of multiple viral variants (serotypes) with only partial cross-protection were all accomplished prior to the ability to culture and characterize the etiologic agent. Research on dengue in this period was typically driven by circumstances. Epidemics of dengue created public health crises, although these were relatively short-lived in any one location, as the population of susceptible individuals quickly shrank. Military considerations became as a major driving force for research. With the introduction of large numbers of non-immune individuals into endemic areas, dengue could cripple military readiness, taking more soldiers out of action than hostile fire. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, which assumed pandemic proportions during the latter half of the last century, have shown no indication of slowing their growth during this first decade of the twenty-first century. Challenges remain in understanding the basic mechanisms of viral replication and disease pathogenesis, in clinical management of patients, and in control of dengue viral transmission. Nevertheless, new tools and insights have led to major recent scientific advances. As the first candidate vaccines enter large-scale efficacy trials, there is reason to hope that we may soon "turn the corner" on this disease.

Dengue. --- Dengue viruses. --- Dengue --- Dengue viruses --- Dengue Virus --- Virology --- Flavivirus --- Microbiology --- Flavivirus Infections --- Arbovirus Infections --- Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral --- Virus Diseases --- Biology --- Flaviviridae Infections --- Flaviviridae --- RNA Virus Infections --- RNA Viruses --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Diseases --- Viruses --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Vertebrate Viruses --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Organisms --- Communicable Diseases --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Infectious Diseases --- Medicine --- Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Breakbone fever --- Dengue fever --- Medicine. --- Immunology. --- Virology. --- Biomedicine. --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Arbovirus infections --- Flaviviral diseases --- Hemorrhagic fever --- Flaviviruses --- Medical virology. --- Medical microbiology --- Virus diseases

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In West Nile Encephalitis Virus Infection, leading scientists and researchers discuss the West Nile virus, a neurotropic flavivirus that has emerged globally as a primary cause of viral encephalitis. Its appearance in the Western Hemisphere in 1999, and the corresponding increase in global disease burden over the last decade has been accompanied by intensive study, including the entry of many scientists into the field. Breakthroughs have been made in understanding the unique transmission pattern between the vector and the multiple avian and mammalian hosts and targets. While the topics in this book are focused on the West Nile virus, they are broad in scope ranging from understanding vector transmission patterns to the dynamics of structural transitions of proteins on the surface of the virion. The editor and contributors of West Nile Encephalitis Virus Infection offer their expertise in this up-to-date and cutting-edge anthology, which will be of broad use to readers from a variety of backgrounds including clinical infectious disease, epidemiology, virology, immunology, and vector biology.

Emerging infectious diseases. --- Immune response. --- Medicine. --- Microbiology. --- West Nile fever -- Pathogenesis. --- West Nile virus. --- West Nile virus --- West Nile fever --- Immune response --- West Nile Fever --- Encephalitis, Arbovirus --- Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese --- Flavivirus Infections --- Flavivirus --- Encephalitis, Viral --- Arbovirus Infections --- RNA Virus Infections --- Encephalitis Viruses --- Flaviviridae Infections --- Encephalitis --- Virus Diseases --- RNA Viruses --- Flaviviridae --- Central Nervous System Infections --- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases --- Diseases --- Vertebrate Viruses --- Viruses --- Central Nervous System Diseases --- Organisms --- Nervous System Diseases --- Communicable Diseases --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Public Health --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Pathogenesis --- Pathogenesis. --- West Nile encephalitis --- West Nile virus disease --- West Nile virus infection --- Egypt 101 virus --- Kunjin virus --- Immunology. --- Virology. --- Infectious diseases. --- Epidemiology. --- Biomedicine. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Biomedicine general. --- Flaviviruses --- Epidemic encephalitis --- Flaviviral diseases --- Immunology --- Medical virology. --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases --- Public health --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general. --- Microbiology