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The Anglo-Saxon period was crucial in the development of England's character: its language, and much of its landscape and culture, were forged in the period between the fifth and the eleventh centuries. Historians and archaeologists have long been fascinated by its regional variations, by the way in which different parts of the country displayed marked differences in social structures, settlement patterns, and field systems. In this controversial and wide-ranging study, the author argues that such differences were largely a consequence of environmental factors: of the influence of climate, soils and hydrology, and of the patterns of contact and communication engendered by natural topography. He also suggests that such environmental influences have been neglected over recent decades by generations of scholars who are embedded in an urban culture and largely divorced from the natural world; and that an appreciation of the fundamental role of physical geography in shaping human affairs can throw much new light on a number of important debates about early medieval society. The book will be essential reading for all those interested in the character of the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian settlements, in early medieval social and territorial organization, and in the origins of the England's medieval landscapes. Tom Williamson is Professor of Landscape History, University of East Anglia; he has written widely on landscape archaeology, agricultural history, and the history of landscape design.

Great Britain --- Grande-Bretagne --- History --- Historical geography. --- Histoire --- Géographie historique --- HISTORY / Medieval. --- Anglo-Saxon Period. --- Anglo-Saxon period. --- Early Medieval Society. --- Early medieval England. --- England. --- Field Systems. --- Geographical Features. --- Landscape. --- Natural Environment. --- Physical Geography. --- Regional Variations. --- Settlement Patterns. --- Social Structures. --- environment. --- field systems. --- geographical features. --- historical analysis. --- landscape. --- physical geography. --- settlement patterns. --- social structures. --- Land settlement --- Land tenure

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Biocultural restoration is a process by which the various connections between humanity and nature, as well as between People and Place are revived to restore the health and function of social-ecological systems. This collection explores the subject of biocultural restoration and does so within the context of Hawaiʻi, the most remote archipelago on the planet. The Hawaiian Renaissance, which started in the 1970s, has led to a revival of Hawaiian language, practices, philosophy, spirituality, knowledge systems, and systems of resource management. Many of the leading Indigenous and local scholars of Hawaiʻi who were born into the time of the Hawaiian Renaissance contributed to this collection. More than a third of the authors are of Indigenous Hawaiian ancestry; each paper had at least one Indigenous Hawaiian author, and several papers had a Hawaiian lead author, making this the largest collection to date of scientific publications authored by Indigenous Hawaiians (Kānaka ʻŌiwi). In addition, the majority of authors are women, and two of the papers had 100 percent authorship by women. This collection represents a new emphasis in applied participatory research that involves academics, government agencies, communities and both private and non-profit sectors.

ridge-to-reef --- groundwater --- land-use --- nutrients --- bleaching --- scenario --- resilience --- collaboration --- scientific tools --- management --- alternative regime state --- portable biocultural toolkit --- social-ecological system theory --- Hawaii --- Colocasia esculenta --- biocultural monitoring --- community engagement --- community-based management --- indigenous knowledge --- indigenous science --- Hawaiʻi --- human land use footprint --- traditional ecological knowledge --- biocultural restoration --- social-ecological system --- Hawaiian Islands --- biocapacity --- sustainability --- sacred ecology --- biocultural conservation --- Hawai‘i --- biocultural resource management (BRM) --- ahupuaa --- social-ecological community --- social-ecological zone --- traditional resource management --- konohiki --- co-management --- institutional fit --- social-ecological systems --- fisheries --- breadfruit --- food systems --- Artocarpus altilis --- indigenous resource management --- traditional agriculture --- indigenous agriculture --- biocultural --- restoration --- food energy water --- ecosystem services --- cultural services --- sustainable agriculture --- taro --- wetland agriculture --- flooded field systems --- lo‘i kalo --- sediment --- cultural revitalization --- sweet potato --- kava --- sugarcane --- research ethics --- mariculture --- aquaculture --- community restoration --- conservation ecology --- Native Hawaiian fishpond --- microbes --- microbial source tracking --- Native Hawaiian --- agro-ecology --- ‘āina momona