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Behavior. --- Open field. --- Open-field behavior. --- Open-field. --- Rat.
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Behavior. --- Open field. --- Open-field behavior. --- Open-field. --- Rat. --- Rats.
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On day 2 after delivery, dam of the DBA/1 mouse inbred strain (n=20/group) with their litter were allocated to one of the following groups: NH21, nonhandling, housed 1 litter/cage, weaned on postnatal day (PND) 21; H21, handling, housed 1 litter/cage, weaned on PND 21; NH30, nonhandling, group-housed (5 litters/cage), weaned on PND 30; H30, handling, group-housed (5 litters/cage), weaned on PND 30. Two male pups of each litter were color marked on PND 2. From PND 8-21 they were removed from their cage, gently held in the experimenter's hand for 5 min/day. The two marked males of each litter were housed together after weaning, and tested in the open-field on PNDs 51-53, and one of each of these siblings was tested for hot-plate latencies on PND 54. Being raised in group-housing and weaned on PND 30 resulted in offspring exhibiting shorter latencies to initiate behavior and higher percentages of centerfield entries in the open field, hot-plate latencies, however, remained unaffected. Preweaning handling increased hot-plate latencies and the number of grooming episodes in the open field, and it decreased defecation, percent centerfield entries and open-field activity in general. It is concluded that the two forms of early experience have different effects on neurobehavioral endpoints 8 weeks after birth
Activity. --- Adult-rats. --- Behavior. --- Birth. --- Brain. --- Cage. --- Color. --- Early experience,postnatal handling communal rearing,open field,hot plate,nociception,mice. --- Early experience. --- Emotionality. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Experience. --- Exposure. --- Field. --- Grooming. --- Group housing. --- Group. --- Handling. --- Hippocampus. --- Increases. --- Locomotor-activity. --- Male. --- Males. --- Mice. --- Morphine. --- Mouse. --- Novelty. --- Open field. --- Open-field activity. --- Open-field behavior. --- Open-field. --- Pups. --- Rearing. --- Weaning.
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In rats, exploratory activity and emotional reactivity towards novel stimuli reflect independent biological functions that are modulated differently by rearing experiences. Environmental enrichment is known to improve performance in exploratory tasks, while having inconsistent effects on emotionality. This study examined the effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of rats in two exploratory tasks. Male rats were reared under one of four conditions, differing in social and non-social complexity. At 9 weeks of age, exploration of a novel open field, and exploration of novel objects in the same open field following 24 h habituation, was assessed. Differences in social and non-social complexity of the rearing environment had inconsistent effects on exploration in the novel open field. In contrast, when rats were faced with novel objects in an otherwise familiar environment, exploration habituated faster with increasing stimulus complexity of the non-social environment. The social environment had no effect on this latter test. These findings indicate that environmental enrichment affects exploratory activity primarily through its effect on habituation to novelty. This effect depends on relative stimulus complexity of the rearing environment, but is independent of social factors. The present results further suggest that aversive tasks can obscure the expression of enrichment-dependent differences in habituation to novelty. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
2 inbred strains. --- Activity. --- Adult rats. --- Age. --- Behaviour. --- Brain. --- Emotional reactivity. --- Emotionality. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment,enriched experience,isolation-rearing,behaviour,emotionality,exploration,habituation,novelty,open field,rat. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Experience. --- Exploration. --- Expression. --- Field. --- Function. --- Habituation. --- Inhibition. --- Male rat. --- Male-rats. --- Male. --- Mice. --- Novelty. --- Object. --- Objects. --- Open field. --- Open-field behavior. --- Open-field. --- Performance. --- Prenatal stress. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Reactivity. --- Rearing. --- Social deprivation. --- Social environment. --- Social-factors. --- Social. --- Stimuli. --- Stimulus. --- Task. --- Tasks. --- Test.
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Liquid crystals (LCs) were discovered more than a century ago, and were, for a long time, treated as a physical curiosity, until the development of flat panel screens and display devices caused a revolution in the information display industry, and in fact in society. There would be no mobile phones without liquid crystals, no flat screen TVs or computer monitors, no virtual reality, just to name a few of the applications that have changed our whole world of vision and perception. All of these inventions are based on liquid crystals that are formed through a change in temperature, thermotropic LCs. However, there is another form of liquid crystals, described even earlier, yet much less talked about; the lyotropic liquid crystals that occur through the change of concentration of some molecules in a solvent. These are found in abundance in nature, making up the cell membranes, and are used extensively in the food, detergents and cosmetics industries. In this collection of articles by experts in their respective research areas, we bring together some of the most recent and innovative aspects of lyotropic liquid crystals, which we believe will drive future research and set novel trends in this field.
Lyotropic liquid crystals --- uniaxial nematic phase --- biaxial nematic phase --- stabilization of nematic phases --- micelle --- surfactants --- chromonics --- structure --- physico-chemical properties --- rods --- curved surface --- Potts --- liquid crystal --- graphene oxide --- lyotropic --- colloid --- nematic --- lyotropic liquid crystals --- SmC* phase --- chirality --- ferroelectricity --- hydrogen bonds --- hydration forces --- cellulose nanocrystals --- hydroxypropyl cellulose --- chiral nematic --- cholesteric liquid crystals --- colloidal suspensions --- kinetic arrest --- gelation --- glass formation --- coffee-ring effect --- bragg reflection --- chromonic --- amphiphilic --- colloidal --- application --- biaxial nematic transition --- field behavior --- diluted nematic systems --- lyotropic liquid crystal --- nanomaterial --- mesogen --- phase behavior
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Prenatal stress (PS) can produce profound and long-lasting perturbations of individual adaptive capacities, which in turn can result in an increased proneness to behavioural disorders. Indeed, in PS rats there is evidence of impaired social play behaviour, disturbances in a variety of circadian rhythms, enhanced anxiety and increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. This study was designed to experimentally investigate the degree of reversibility of PS-induced disturbances of social play and HPA reactivity by assessing the effect of the enrichment of the physical environment on PS rats during periadolescence. PS subjects showed a reduced expression of social play behaviour and a prolonged corticosterone secretion in response to restraint stress, but both these effects were markedly reversed following environmental enrichment. Interestingly, the enrichment procedure increased social behaviour but had no effect on corticosterone secretion in nonstressed animals, indicating a differential impact of the postnatal environment as a function of prenatal background. As a whole, results clearly indicate that rats prenatally exposed to stress can benefit during periadolescence from the modulatory effects of an enriched environment. Moreover, they confirm that PS may well represent a suitable animal model for the design and testing of new therapeutic strategies for behavioural disorders produced by early insults
Adolescence. --- Adult-rats. --- Animal model. --- Animal-model. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Anxiety. --- Behaviour. --- Behavioural disorder. --- Circadian rhythm. --- Circadian rhythms. --- Circadian-rhythm. --- Circadian-rhythms. --- Circadian. --- Consequences. --- Corticosterone secretion. --- Corticosterone,distributed pregnancy,therapeutic strategy. --- Corticosterone. --- Design. --- Disorder. --- Enriched environment. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Exposure. --- Expression. --- Function. --- Hpa axis. --- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal. --- Juvenile rats. --- Maternal separation. --- Messenger-rna. --- Mice. --- Model. --- Open-field behavior. --- Physical. --- Play behaviour. --- Play. --- Prenatal stress. --- Prenatal. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Reactivity. --- Response. --- Restraint stress. --- Restraint. --- Rhythm. --- Rhythms. --- Secretion. --- Social behaviour. --- Social interactions. --- Social play. --- Social. --- Strategies. --- Strategy. --- Stress.
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Liquid crystals (LCs) were discovered more than a century ago, and were, for a long time, treated as a physical curiosity, until the development of flat panel screens and display devices caused a revolution in the information display industry, and in fact in society. There would be no mobile phones without liquid crystals, no flat screen TVs or computer monitors, no virtual reality, just to name a few of the applications that have changed our whole world of vision and perception. All of these inventions are based on liquid crystals that are formed through a change in temperature, thermotropic LCs. However, there is another form of liquid crystals, described even earlier, yet much less talked about; the lyotropic liquid crystals that occur through the change of concentration of some molecules in a solvent. These are found in abundance in nature, making up the cell membranes, and are used extensively in the food, detergents and cosmetics industries. In this collection of articles by experts in their respective research areas, we bring together some of the most recent and innovative aspects of lyotropic liquid crystals, which we believe will drive future research and set novel trends in this field.
Research & information: general --- Lyotropic liquid crystals --- uniaxial nematic phase --- biaxial nematic phase --- stabilization of nematic phases --- micelle --- surfactants --- chromonics --- structure --- physico-chemical properties --- rods --- curved surface --- Potts --- liquid crystal --- graphene oxide --- lyotropic --- colloid --- nematic --- lyotropic liquid crystals --- SmC* phase --- chirality --- ferroelectricity --- hydrogen bonds --- hydration forces --- cellulose nanocrystals --- hydroxypropyl cellulose --- chiral nematic --- cholesteric liquid crystals --- colloidal suspensions --- kinetic arrest --- gelation --- glass formation --- coffee-ring effect --- bragg reflection --- chromonic --- amphiphilic --- colloidal --- application --- biaxial nematic transition --- field behavior --- diluted nematic systems --- lyotropic liquid crystal --- nanomaterial --- mesogen --- phase behavior
Choose an application
Liquid crystals (LCs) were discovered more than a century ago, and were, for a long time, treated as a physical curiosity, until the development of flat panel screens and display devices caused a revolution in the information display industry, and in fact in society. There would be no mobile phones without liquid crystals, no flat screen TVs or computer monitors, no virtual reality, just to name a few of the applications that have changed our whole world of vision and perception. All of these inventions are based on liquid crystals that are formed through a change in temperature, thermotropic LCs. However, there is another form of liquid crystals, described even earlier, yet much less talked about; the lyotropic liquid crystals that occur through the change of concentration of some molecules in a solvent. These are found in abundance in nature, making up the cell membranes, and are used extensively in the food, detergents and cosmetics industries. In this collection of articles by experts in their respective research areas, we bring together some of the most recent and innovative aspects of lyotropic liquid crystals, which we believe will drive future research and set novel trends in this field.
Research & information: general --- Lyotropic liquid crystals --- uniaxial nematic phase --- biaxial nematic phase --- stabilization of nematic phases --- micelle --- surfactants --- chromonics --- structure --- physico-chemical properties --- rods --- curved surface --- Potts --- liquid crystal --- graphene oxide --- lyotropic --- colloid --- nematic --- lyotropic liquid crystals --- SmC* phase --- chirality --- ferroelectricity --- hydrogen bonds --- hydration forces --- cellulose nanocrystals --- hydroxypropyl cellulose --- chiral nematic --- cholesteric liquid crystals --- colloidal suspensions --- kinetic arrest --- gelation --- glass formation --- coffee-ring effect --- bragg reflection --- chromonic --- amphiphilic --- colloidal --- application --- biaxial nematic transition --- field behavior --- diluted nematic systems --- lyotropic liquid crystal --- nanomaterial --- mesogen --- phase behavior --- Lyotropic liquid crystals --- uniaxial nematic phase --- biaxial nematic phase --- stabilization of nematic phases --- micelle --- surfactants --- chromonics --- structure --- physico-chemical properties --- rods --- curved surface --- Potts --- liquid crystal --- graphene oxide --- lyotropic --- colloid --- nematic --- lyotropic liquid crystals --- SmC* phase --- chirality --- ferroelectricity --- hydrogen bonds --- hydration forces --- cellulose nanocrystals --- hydroxypropyl cellulose --- chiral nematic --- cholesteric liquid crystals --- colloidal suspensions --- kinetic arrest --- gelation --- glass formation --- coffee-ring effect --- bragg reflection --- chromonic --- amphiphilic --- colloidal --- application --- biaxial nematic transition --- field behavior --- diluted nematic systems --- lyotropic liquid crystal --- nanomaterial --- mesogen --- phase behavior
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