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Paper money --- -332.404403 --- Fiat money --- Currency question --- Inflation (Finance) --- Money --- Bills (Paper money) --- Paper currency

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Foreign exchange markets are inextricably entwined with underlying monetary standards. Thus, they are treated conjointly. Four different exchange rate regimes are analyzed: (1) foreign exchange markets with commodity money; (2) foreign exchange markets with fiduciary money; (3) foreign exchange markets with fiat money--fixed exchange rates; and, (4) foreign exchange markets with fiat money--flexible exchange rates. For the last eight decades, most countries have operated with fiat monies. For proponents of the fiat money standard, one of its desirable attributes is that it provides individual countries with considerable monetary autonomy. However, both analytics and experience indicate that this is not always the case. Whether a country has more monetary autonomy depends upon whether fiat money is paired with fixed exchange rates (regime 3) or flexible exchange rates (regime 4). More autonomy is possible with flexible exchange rates (regime 4). Such autonomy is largely possible because foreign exchange markets are allowed to accommodate the wide variations in national monetary policies. Under this regime, the purchasing power parity (PPP) theory of exchange rates assumes elevated importance in accounting for foreign exchange market adjustments. Exchange rate regime 4 has been in place (in many countries) for more than four decades, and there are critics. Those who advocate scrapping this arrangement generally favor a return to either regime 2 or regime 3.

Foreign exchange market. --- Foreign exchange rates. --- central banking --- commodity money --- deflation --- fiduciary money --- fiat money --- fixed exchange rates --- flexible exchange rates --- inflation --- purchasing power parity

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monnaie --- geld --- -Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- -Fiat money --- Currency question --- Money --- 336.74 --- Fiat money --- Free coinage --- Monetary question --- Scrip --- Currency crises --- Finance --- Finance, Public --- Legal tender --- 336.74 Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- History --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector --- Money - History

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Assignats. --- Paper money --- History --- FR / France - Frankrijk --- 331.154 --- XVIIe, XVIIIe eeuw. Fysiocratie. --- Assignats --- Bills (Paper money) --- Fiat money --- Paper currency --- Money --- Inflation (Finance) --- XVIIe, XVIIIe eeuw. Fysiocratie --- Numismatics

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The Role of Money examines the mystery of money in its social aspect and illustrates what money now is, what is does and what it should do. The standpoint from which the book is written is that of the public. The significance of the 'money-power' of the state to issue money has been recently recognized by historians. Its key position in shaping the course of world events is here explained. Included are:* Chapters on the philosophic background* The theory of money - Virtual Wealth* The Evolution of Modern Money* International Economic Relations* Debts and De

Money. --- Currency question. --- Fiat money --- Free coinage --- Monetary question --- Scrip --- Currency --- Money, Primitive --- Specie --- Standard of value --- Currency crises --- Finance --- Finance, Public --- Legal tender --- Money --- Exchange --- Value --- Banks and banking --- Coinage --- Currency question --- Gold --- Silver --- Silver question --- Wealth