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A good understanding of the constraints on agricultural growth in Africa relies on the accurate measurement of smallholder labor. Yet, serious weaknesses in these statistics persist. The extent of bias in smallholder labor data is examined by conducting a randomized survey experiment among farming households in rural Tanzania. Agricultural labor estimates obtained through weekly surveys are compared with the results of reporting in a single end-of-season recall survey. The findings show strong evidence of recall bias: people in traditional recall-style modules report working up to four times as many hours per person-plot relative to those reporting labor on a weekly basis. If hours are aggregated to the household level, however, this discrepancy disappears, a factor driven by the underreporting by recall households of people and plots active in agricultural work. The evidence suggests that these competing forms of recall bias are driven not only by failures in memory, but also by the mental burdens of reporting on highly variable agricultural work patterns to provide a typical estimate. All things equal, studies suffering from this bias would understate agricultural labor productivity.

Agricultural Productivity --- Farm Labor --- Measurement Error --- Recall Error

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South African agriculture is characterized by growing labour unrest, evinced in recent years by high-profile strikes, but little is known about the sources and forms of day-to-day struggle. In Chiefs of the Plantation Lincoln Addison examines how labour conflict is fuelled by changing management practices and how workers respond and resist across spatial, sexual, and spiritual domains. Depicting, in rich ethnographic detail, daily life on a plantation, Addison describes how agriculture has been restructured in the post-apartheid era through a delegation of authority from white landowners to black intermediaries. He explains that while this labour regime enables the profitability of plantations, it gives rise to a fragile moral economy in which perceptions of what is tolerable and what is exploitation frequently clash. In this environment, transactional sex and Christian worship emerge as important terrains of gendered and spiritual contestation where women and low-ranking workers remain resilient in the face of unequal power relations. Meanwhile, plantations project an appearance of benevolent paternalism, particularly in the narratives and self-identity of white landowners. This book reveals how, in the everyday life of the community, both the plantation and the compound where the workers live serve as central grounds for the negotiation of labour relations. A groundbreaking study that uncovers how migrant plantation workers challenge their exploitation, Chiefs of the Plantation is a rare glimpse into the often hidden world of labour struggle on contemporary plantations.

Agricultural laborers --- Plantations --- Farms --- Agricultural workers --- Farm labor --- Farm laborers --- Farm workers --- Farmhands --- Farmworkers --- Employees --- E-books

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This study examines recall bias in farm labor by conducting a randomized survey experiment in Ghana. Hours of farm labor obtained from a recall survey conducted at the end of the season are compared with data collected weekly throughout the season. The study finds that the recall method overestimates farm labor per person per plot by about 10 percent, controlling for observable differences at baseline. Recall bias in farm labor per person per plot is accounted for by the fact that households in the recall group report fewer marginal plots and farm workers, denoted here as listing bias. This listing bias also creates a countervailing effect on hours of farm labor at higher levels of aggregation, so that the recall method underestimates farm labor per plot and per household and overestimates the labor productivity of household-operated farms. Consistent with the notion that recall bias is linked to the cognitive burden of reporting on past events, the study finds that recall bias in farm labor has a strong educational gradient.

Agricultural Productivity --- Agriculture --- Education --- Educational Sciences --- Farm Labor --- Food Security --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Labor Markets --- Measurement Error --- Recall Bias

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Les paysans du Tiers monde, et de l’Inde en particulier, sont parfois présentés de manière caricaturale comme des rustres irrationnels, parfois au contraire comme capables de maximiser le profit aussi bien qu’un homme d’affaires occidental. Mais à chaque fois, on sous-estime la diversité des logiques paysannes. C’est ce que cherche à éviter cet ouvrage qui traite des trois échelles géographiques de la vie des agriculteurs de l’Inde du Sud : la région (le « système rural »), le village, l’exploitation agricole. Cependant, à chacun de ces niveaux apparaît une opposition entre les deux régions du Karnataka : l’une irriguée par un important barrage, l’autre vouée à une simple agriculture pluviale ; la première enrichie par la culture intensive de riz et surtout de canne à sucre, l’autre ne survivant que par l’émigration. De nombreux éléments révèlent les contraintes ou les atouts dont doivent tenir compte les paysans : la structure des castes encore si hiérarchisée, les différences de classes, mais aussi les problèmes du crédit, des marchés et du bétail, le rôle de l’administration indienne, tout autant que le « poids » de l’hindouisme, souvent exagéré. Loin de se cantonner au particulier, l’ouvrage propose une grille d’analyse générale des logiques paysannes du Tiers monde. Pris entre les contraintes du milieu naturel et les politiques de développement rural de l’État, l’agriculteur y apparaît pleinement rationnel dans ses stratégies, en fonction de logiques qui n’ont pas toutes pour but le profit financier.

Peasants --- Agricultural laborers --- Agricultural workers --- Farm labor --- Farm laborers --- Farm workers --- Farmhands --- Farmworkers --- Employees --- Peasantry --- Rural population --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Villeinage --- peasant --- intensive farming --- rural system --- farmer

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"However urban the nation has become," Catherine McNicol Stock and Robert D. Johnston write, "twenty percent of its citizens still live outside major metropolitan areas. Moreover, rural economic activity-agricultural, extractive, recreational, and industrial-has an enormous impact on the nation's overall economic well-being. The stories of contemporary rural people still have the power to move us.... They reflect the values, dreams, and ideals at the core of the economically, racially, and ethnically diverse American experience."The Countryside in the Age of the Modern State moves rural history into explorations of modern politics: diverse rural peoples and their complex relationships to the American state in the twentieth century. The volume's contributors examine African American progressive farm organizers; the experiences of Caribbean and Mexican farm laborers; agrarian intellectuals in the New Deal; the politics of land and landscape in the Rocky Mountain west; and the origins of today's rural political movements.

Populism --- Agricultural laborers --- Political science --- Agricultural workers --- Farm labor --- Farm laborers --- Farm workers --- Farmhands --- Farmworkers --- Employees --- History. --- United States --- Rural conditions.