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This paper relaxes the single-factor model of intergenerational educational mobility and analyzes heterogeneous effects of family background on children's education in villages, with a focus on the role of nonfarm occupations. The analysis uses data from rural China that cover three generations, and are not subject to coresident sample selection. Evidence from a battery of econometric approaches shows that the mean effects of parents' education miss substantial heterogeneity across farm-nonfarm occupations. Having nonfarm parents, in general, has positive effects, but children of low educated non-farmer parents (with higher income) do not enjoy any advantages over the children of more educated farmer parents. Estimates of cross-partial effects without imposing functional form show little evidence of complementarity between parental education and nonfarm occupation. The role of family background remains relatively stable across generations for girls, but for boys, family background has become more important after the market reform. The paper explores causality using three approaches: Rosenbaum sensitivity analysis, minimum biased inverse propensity weighted estimator, and heteroscedasticity-based identification. The analysis results suggest that the advantages of having more educated parents, especially with nonfarm occupations, are unlikely to be due solely to selection on genetic transmissions. However, the estimated positive effects of nonfarm over farmer parents among the low educated households may be driven entirely by moderate selection on genetic endowment.

Complementarity --- Education --- Education & society --- Education and occupation --- Education for all --- Educational mobility --- Family background --- Gender gap --- Health, nutrition and population --- Heterogeneity --- Inequality --- Market reform --- Nonfarm --- Population & development --- Primary education --- Social development --- Social inclusion & institutions

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This open access book examines how childhood social disadvantage influences young-adult demographic decision-making and later-life economic and well-being outcomes. This book in particular focuses on testing whether the consequences of childhood social disadvantage for adult outcomes differ across societies, and whether these differences are shaped by the “context of opportunities” that societies offer to diminish the adverse impact of economic and social deprivation. The book integrates a longitudinal approach and provides new insights in how the experience of childhood disadvantage (e.g. low parental socio-economic status, family disruption) influences demographic decisions in adulthood (e.g. the timing of family-events such as cohabitation, marriage or parenthood; the risk of divorce or having a child outside a partner relationship; the exposure to later-life loneliness, poor health, and economic adversity). Moreover, using a cross-national comparative perspective it investigates whether the relationships of interest differ across nations, and tests the “context of opportunities” hypothesis arguing that the links between childhood disadvantage and adult outcomes are weakened in societal contexts offering good opportunities for people to escape situations of deprivation. To do so, the book analyzes national contexts based on economic prosperity, family values and norms, and welfare-state arrangements.

Population & demography --- Political economy --- Sociology --- Social issues & processes --- Sociology: family & relationships --- Demography --- Population Economics --- Life course --- Social Structure, Social Inequality --- Sociology of Family, Youth and Aging --- Population and Demography --- Social Structure --- Family formation --- Social inequallity --- Cross-national comparison --- Second Demographic Transition --- Family background --- Childhood social disadvantage --- Economic and social deprivation --- Young adulthood --- Later-life socio-economic outcomes --- Later-life well-being --- Socio-economic indicators --- Demographic lifecourse --- Social background --- Family disruption --- Cohabitation --- Later-life loneliness --- Poor health --- Economic adversity --- Family values and norms --- Open access --- Social & ethical issues

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In late antiquity, as Christianity emerged from Judaism, it was not only the new religion that was being influenced by the old. The rise and revolutionary challenge of Christianity also had a profound influence on rabbinic Judaism, which was itself just emerging and, like Christianity, trying to shape its own identity. In The Jewish Jesus, Peter Schäfer reveals the crucial ways in which various Jewish heresies, including Christianity, affected the development of rabbinic Judaism. He even shows that some of the ideas that the rabbis appropriated from Christianity were actually reappropriated Jewish ideas. The result is a demonstration of the deep mutual influence between the sister religions, one that calls into question hard and fast distinctions between orthodoxy and heresy, and even Judaism and Christianity, during the first centuries CE.

Messiah --- Christianity and other religions --- Judaism --- History of doctrines. --- History. --- Relations --- Christianity --- Adam myth. --- Adam. --- Baby Messiah. --- Babylonian Jewry. --- Babylonian Jews. --- Babylonian Talmud. --- Bavli. --- Book of Revelation. --- Christian Messiah. --- Christianity. --- Christians. --- Christological interpretations. --- Daniel exegesis. --- David Apocalypse. --- Elohim. --- Enoch-Metatron. --- Ephraim. --- Gentiles. --- God's Son. --- God-Father. --- God-Son. --- God. --- Hebrew Bible. --- Hekhalot literature. --- Holy Spirit. --- Israel. --- Jerusalem Talmud. --- Jewish Messiah. --- Jewish faith. --- Jews. --- Judaism. --- Lesser God. --- Messiah. --- MessiahЋing David. --- Metatron. --- New Testament. --- Palestinian Judaism. --- Palestinian midrash. --- Rav Idith. --- Roman Empire. --- Torah revelation. --- YHWH. --- Young God. --- ancient Judaism. --- angels. --- contemporary Judaism. --- creation story. --- creation. --- divine figure. --- divine power. --- divine powers. --- expiatory suffering. --- family background. --- heresy. --- heretics. --- late antiquity. --- makro-anthropos. --- midrashim. --- old God. --- orthodoxy. --- pagans. --- rabbinic Judaism. --- rabbinic identity. --- rabbinic literature. --- rabbis. --- redemption. --- suffering Messiah. --- Jews --- Religions --- Semites --- Religion

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Entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship have become a vehicle that offers solutions for social, environmental, and economic problems. Even though the level of entrepreneurial activity and its diversity have been motivated through public policies, social support has also played an important role in encouraging people to think of entrepreneurship as a desirable career choice. This book brings together analyses of those elements required for entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intention and action, which ultimately become important leverages of development. Chapters highlight the importance of rural, urban, university, organizational, and family environments for a bunch of intentions and behaviors such as green, sport, social, corporate, innovative, traditional, and gender entrepreneurship. This entrepreneurial diversity is translated into higher development through the empowerment of women, environmental consciousness, and efficient production. Policymakers, scholars, and practitioners can find different examples and cases useful for decision-making, learning, and practice in this book.

entrepreneurial intention --- attitude --- social norm --- subjective personal variables --- motivation --- beliefs --- values --- entrepreneurial team --- cognition characteristics --- behavior characteristics --- venture performance --- sustainable entrepreneurship --- tourism students --- gender comparison --- Innovation --- DEA Methodology --- Relative efficiency --- green entrepreneurship --- sustainable entrepreneurial activity --- culture --- institutional approach --- developing countries --- Saudi Arabia --- soccer --- football --- innovation --- entrepreneurship --- bibliometric analysis --- performance --- entrepreneurial intentions --- self-employment --- entrepreneurship education --- entrepreneurial family background --- entrepreneurial personality traits --- students --- hierarchical multiple regression analysis --- ecotourism --- women entrepreneurship --- self-determination theory --- psychological empowerment --- flourishing --- growth mindset --- social entrepreneurial intention --- social entrepreneurship --- COVID-19 --- theory of planned behavior --- time in self-employment --- gender --- regional development --- rural and urban areas --- age --- UK --- administrative process --- community-based tourism enterprises --- financial process --- tourism enterprises --- SMEs --- entrepreneurial orientation --- IMC capability --- organizational performance --- competitive advantage --- inter-country analysis --- entrepreneurial competencies --- sustainability --- higher education --- entrepreneurial university --- organisational change --- entrepreneurial mindset --- college students --- engineering --- educational experience --- measurement invariance --- latent mean comparisons --- institutions --- intrapreneurship --- national growth --- firm growth --- economic development --- social change --- gender equality

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Is the United States "the land of equal opportunity" or is the playing field tilted in favor of those whose parents are wealthy, well educated, and white? If family background is important in getting ahead, why? And if the processes that transmit economic status from parent to child are unfair, could public policy address the problem? Unequal Chances provides new answers to these questions by leading economists, sociologists, biologists, behavioral geneticists, and philosophers. New estimates show that intergenerational inequality in the United States is far greater than was previously thought. Moreover, while the inheritance of wealth and the better schooling typically enjoyed by the children of the well-to-do contribute to this process, these two standard explanations fail to explain the extent of intergenerational status transmission. The genetic inheritance of IQ is even less important. Instead, parent-offspring similarities in personality and behavior may play an important role. Race contributes to the process, and the intergenerational mobility patterns of African Americans and European Americans differ substantially. Following the editors' introduction are chapters by Greg Duncan, Ariel Kalil, Susan E. Mayer, Robin Tepper, and Monique R. Payne; Bhashkar Mazumder; David J. Harding, Christopher Jencks, Leonard M. Lopoo, and Susan E. Mayer; Anders Björklund, Markus Jäntti, and Gary Solon; Tom Hertz; John C. Loehlin; Melissa Osborne Groves; Marcus W. Feldman, Shuzhuo Li, Nan Li, Shripad Tuljapurkar, and Xiaoyi Jin; and Adam Swift.

Income distribution --- Families --- Inheritance and succession --- Equality --- Social status --- Social mobility --- Social aspects. --- Economic aspects. --- Psychological aspects. --- Mobility, Social --- Sociology --- Social standing --- Socio-economic status --- Socioeconomic status --- Standing, Social --- Status, Social --- Power (Social sciences) --- Prestige --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Bequests --- Descent and distribution --- Descents --- Hereditary succession --- Intestacy --- Intestate succession --- Law of succession --- Succession, Intestate --- Real property --- Universal succession --- Trusts and trustees --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Law and legislation --- Economic conditions --- Business --- Psychological aspects --- Economic aspects --- Social aspects --- E-books --- Economic success --- Unequal chances --- Family background --- Family --- Family life --- Family relationships --- Family structure --- Relationships, Family --- Structure, Family --- Social institutions --- Birth order --- Domestic relations --- Home --- Households --- Kinship --- Marriage --- Matriarchy --- Parenthood --- Patriarchy --- Social conditions --- Trade --- Economics --- Management --- Commerce --- Industrial management --- 339.22 --- #SBIB:316.334.1O340 --- #SBIB:316.8H15 --- 316.342.2 --- 330.56 --- 330.56 Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger --- Nationaal inkomen. Volksinkomen. Gezinsinkomen. Vermogensstratificatie. Particuliere inkomens en bestedingen. Armoede. Honger --- 316.342.2 Sociale klassen --- Sociale klassen --- Onderwijs en sociale verandering, onderwijs en samenleving --- Welzijns- en sociale problemen: sociale ongelijkheid en armoede --- Income distribution - Social aspects --- Families - Economic aspects --- Inheritance and succession - Social aspects --- Equality - Psychological aspects --- Social status - Psychological aspects --- Social mobility - Psychological aspects