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What is the basis for arguing that a volunteer army exploits citizens who lack civilian career opportunities? How do we determine that a doctor who has sex with his patients is exploiting them? In this book, Alan Wertheimer seeks to identify when a transaction or relationship can be properly regarded as exploitative--and not oppressive, manipulative, or morally deficient in some other way--and explores the moral weight of taking unfair advantage. Among the first political philosophers to examine this important topic from a non-Marxist perspective, Wertheimer writes about ordinary experience in an accessible yet philosophically penetrating way. He considers whether it is seriously wrong for a party to exploit another if the transaction is consensual and mutually advantageous, whether society can justifiably prohibit people from entering into such a transaction, and whether it is wrong to allow oneself to be exploited. Wertheimer first considers several contexts commonly characterized as exploitive, including surrogate motherhood, unconscionable contracts, the exploitation of student athletes, and sexual exploitation in psychotherapy. In a section outlining his theory of exploitation, he sets forth the criteria for a fair transaction and the point at which we can properly say that a party has consented. Whereas many discussions of exploitation have dealt primarily with cases in which one party harms or coerces another, Wertheimer's book focuses on what makes a mutually advantageous and consensual transaction exploitive and analyzes the moral and legal implications of such exploitation.

Exploitation. --- Brodsky, Annette. --- Elster, Jon. --- Goodin, Robert. --- Gutheil, Thomas. --- Holmstrom, Nancy. --- Landes, William. --- Mill, John Stuart. --- Miller, David. --- Nagel, Thomas. --- Sidgwick, Henry. --- admiralty law. --- altruism. --- autonomy. --- bargaining range. --- coercion. --- consent. --- externalities. --- false consciousness. --- fiduciary obligations. --- hard circumstances. --- harmful exploitation. --- inalienable rights. --- incommensurability. --- just price. --- kantian maxim. --- moral force. --- objective harm. --- paternalism. --- perfectionism. --- reservation price. --- transference.

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A vital and underappreciated dimension of social interaction is the way individuals justify their actions to others, instinctively drawing on their experience to appeal to principles they hope will command respect. Individuals, however, often misread situations, and many disagreements can be explained by people appealing, knowingly and unknowingly, to different principles. On Justification is the first English translation of Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thevenot's ambitious theoretical examination of these phenomena, a book that has already had a huge impact on French sociology and is likely to h.

Social sciences --- Economics --- Justification (Theory of knowledge) --- Philosophy. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Abjection. --- Acquiescence. --- Ad hominem. --- Ambiguity. --- Anecdote. --- Antinomy. --- Apathy. --- Arbitrariness. --- Attempt. --- Calculation. --- Common good. --- Competition (economics). --- Concurrence. --- Consciousness. --- Consideration. --- Conspiracy of silence (expression). --- Controversy. --- Criticism. --- Critique. --- Deliberation. --- Denunciation. --- Determination. --- Divine law. --- Division of labour. --- Double Movement. --- Economics. --- Etiquette. --- Eugenics. --- Explanation. --- Externality. --- Externalization. --- False consciousness. --- Fraud. --- Hedonism. --- Holism. --- Honour. --- Household. --- Hypocrisy. --- Hypothesis. --- Impasse. --- Impossibility. --- Impulsivity. --- Individualism. --- Information asymmetry. --- Institution. --- Know-how. --- Legitimacy (political). --- Liberalism. --- Medium of exchange. --- Michael Polanyi. --- Morality. --- Multitude. --- Necessity. --- Obedience (human behavior). --- Obscenity. --- Obsolescence. --- Occam's razor. --- Opportunism. --- Paternalism. --- Political philosophy. --- Politique. --- Prejudice. --- Pride. --- Principle. --- Public morality. --- Public opinion. --- Public sphere. --- Relativism. --- Religion. --- Requirement. --- Result. --- Rhetoric. --- Science. --- Scientism. --- Self-control. --- Self-deception. --- Self-interest. --- Self-love. --- Slavery. --- Social criticism. --- Social science. --- Sociology. --- Sovereignty. --- State of nature. --- Superiority (short story). --- Synderesis. --- Synecdoche. --- The Philosopher. --- Theory of Forms. --- Theory. --- Thought. --- Torture. --- Uncertainty. --- Union Movement. --- Uniqueness. --- Utilitarianism. --- Value (ethics). --- Wealth. --- Writing. --- Émile Durkheim.

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Conservatism was born as an anguished attack on democracy. So argues Don Herzog in this arrestingly detailed exploration of England's responses to the French Revolution. Poisoning the Minds of the Lower Orders ushers the reader into the politically lurid world of Regency England. Deftly weaving social and intellectual history, Herzog brings to life the social practices of the Enlightenment. In circulating libraries and Sunday schools, deferential subjects developed an avid taste for reading; in coffeehouses, alehouses, and debating societies, they boldly dared to argue about politics. Such conservatives as Edmund Burke gaped with horror, fearing that what radicals applauded as the rise of rationality was really popular stupidity or worse. Subjects, insisted conservatives, ought to defer to tradition--and be comforted by illusions. Urging that abstract political theories are manifest in everyday life, Herzog unflinchingly explores the unsavory emotions that maintained and threatened social hierarchy. Conservatives dished out an unrelenting diet of contempt. But Herzog refuses to pretend that the day's radicals were saints. Radicals, he shows, invested in contempt as enthusiastically as did conservatives. Hairdressers became newly contemptible, even a cultural obsession. Women, workers, Jews, and blacks were all abused by their presumed superiors. Yet some of the lowly subjects Burke had the temerity to brand a swinish multitude fought back. How were England's humble subjects transformed into proud citizens? And just how successful was the transformation? At once history and political theory, absorbing and disquieting, Poisoning the Minds of the Lower Orders challenges our own commitments to and anxieties about democracy.

Conservadurismo --- Democracia. --- Gran Bretaña --- Gran Bretaña --- Gran Bretaña --- Gran Bretaña --- Condiciones sociales --- Condiciones sociales --- Política y gobierno --- Política y gobierno --- Absurdity. --- Anti-Jacobin. --- Aristocracy. --- Atheism. --- Charles James Fox. --- Civility. --- Credential. --- Criticism. --- Deference. --- Dehumanization. --- Despotism. --- Disgust. --- Effeminacy. --- Enthusiasm. --- Equal opportunity. --- False consciousness. --- Farce. --- Freedom of speech. --- George Canning. --- Hairdresser. --- Hannah More. --- Hatred. --- Homosexuality. --- Honour. --- I Wish (manhwa). --- Indictment. --- Injunction. --- Insubordination. --- Invective. --- Irony. --- Jeremiad. --- Jews. --- Joseph Priestley. --- King Mob. --- Legislation. --- Literacy. --- Literature. --- Maria Edgeworth. --- Mary Hays. --- Mary Shelley. --- Mary Wollstonecraft. --- Masculinity. --- Misogyny. --- Monarchy. --- Mr. --- Mrs. --- Multitude. --- Newspaper. --- Nobility. --- Novelist. --- Pamphlet. --- Pamphleteer. --- Parody. --- Paternalism. --- Patriarchy. --- Patriotism. --- Persecution. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophy. --- Pity. --- Poet laureate. --- Poetry. --- Political philosophy. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Prejudice. --- Printing press. --- Proscription. --- Prose. --- Public opinion. --- Publication. --- Racism. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Rationality. --- Reflections on the Revolution in France. --- Religion. --- Resentment. --- Ridicule. --- Robert Southey. --- Samuel Johnson. --- Sedition. --- Sensibility. --- Skepticism. --- Slavery. --- Sneer. --- Social order. --- Social status. --- Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. --- Stupidity. --- Suggestion. --- Superiority (short story). --- Tailor. --- Tax. --- Thomas Paine. --- Tories (British political party). --- Whigs (British political party). --- William Cobbett. --- Workhouse. --- Writer. --- Writing.

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Sherpas are portrayed by Westerners as heroic mountain guides, or "tigers of the snow," as Buddhist adepts, and as a people in touch with intimate ways of life that seem no longer available in the Western world. In this book, Vincanne Adams explores how attempts to characterize an "authentic" Sherpa are complicated by Western fascination with Sherpas and by the Sherpas' desires to live up to Western portrayals of them. Noting that diplomatic aides at world summit meetings go by the name "Sherpa," as do a van in the U.K. built for rough terrains and a software product from Silicon Valley, Adams examines the "authenticating" effects of this mobile signifier on a community of Himalayan Sherpas who live at the base of Mount Everest, Nepal, and its "deauthenticating" effects on anthropological representation. This book speaks not only to anthropologists concerned with ethnographic portrayals of Otherness but also to those working in cultural studies who are concerned with ethnographically grounded analyses of representations. Throughout Adams illustrates how one might undertake an ethnography of transnationally produced subjects by using the notion of "virtual" identities. In a manner informed by both Buddhism and shamanism, virtual Sherpas are always both real and distilled reflections of the desires that produce them.

Sherpa (Nepalese people) --- Ethnology --- Sherpa. --- Nepal --- Nepal. --- Moeurs et coutumes. --- Sherpas --- Bhotia (Tibetan people) --- Cộng hòa dân chủ liên bang Nepal --- Demokratische Bundesrepublik Nepal --- Federacia Demokratia Respubliko Nepalo --- Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal --- Federale Democratische Republiek Nepal --- Federativnai͡a Demokraticheskai͡a Respublika Nepal --- Federatyvna Demokratychna Respublika Nepal --- Kingdom of Nepal --- Kongeriget Nepal --- Nepā --- Nepal Adhirajya --- Nepāla --- Nepālas Federālā Demokrātiskā Republika --- Nepalgo Errepublika Demokratiko Federala --- Nepali Demokraatlik Liitvabariik --- Nepalia --- Nepalin demokraattinen liittotasavalta --- Nepalo --- Nepāru --- Ni-po-erh --- Nibo'er --- Nīpāl --- República Federal Democrática de Nepal --- República Federal Democràtica del Nepal --- République démocratique fédérale du Népal --- Respublika Nepal --- Sambandslýðveldið Nepal --- Sanghiya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl --- Savezna Demokratska Republika Nepal --- Namche Bazar (Népal) --- Lo Manthang (Népal) --- Mustang (Népal) --- Gyasumdo (Népal) --- Dolpā (Népal) --- Teraï --- Asie du Sud --- Aphorism. --- Attack dog. --- Avalokitesvara. --- Baksheesh. --- Bardo Thodol. --- Bhutan. --- Bodhi. --- Bodhicitta. --- Bodhisattva. --- Buddhahood. --- Buddhism and Hinduism. --- Buddhism. --- Buddhist cosmology. --- Buddhist philosophy. --- Buddhist texts. --- Butter lamp. --- Butter tea. --- Cannibalism. --- Cargo cult. --- Cretinism. --- Criticism of capitalism. --- Crossbreed. --- Dalai Lama. --- Deity. --- Doonesbury. --- Ethnography. --- Exorcism. --- Externality. --- False consciousness. --- Great Goddess. --- Heart Sutra. --- Hermann Broch. --- Heterotopia (space). --- Hillbilly. --- Himalayan Trust. --- Hungry ghost. --- Hypothyroidism. --- Impediment (canon law). --- Impermanence. --- Impossibility. --- Jargon. --- Jean Baudrillard. --- Kalachakra. --- Kathmandu. --- Khumbu. --- Madame Bovary. --- Mahayana. --- Marshall Sahlins. --- Mary Douglas. --- Michael Tobias. --- Mimesis. --- Mohan Lal (Zutshi). --- Monastery. --- Mongols. --- Mountain pass. --- Mountaineering. --- Mudra. --- Nagarjuna. --- Orientalism. --- Ownership (psychology). --- Padmasambhava. --- Perfection of Wisdom. --- Physician. --- Quentin Skinner. --- Racism. --- Religion. --- Rinpoche. --- Sa?sara. --- Severity (video game). --- Shamanism. --- Shangri-La. --- Sherpa people. --- Snow Lion. --- Sonam (actress). --- Spirit King. --- Sutra. --- Tantra. --- Tengboche. --- Thangka. --- The Monastery (TV series). --- Thick description. --- Thomas Carlyle. --- Three Jewels. --- Tibet House. --- Tibetan Buddhism. --- Tibetan culture. --- Tibetan diaspora. --- Tibetan literature. --- Tibetan people. --- Transnationalism. --- Tulku. --- University of Arizona Press. --- Vajradhara. --- Vajrasattva. --- Vajrayana. --- Vihara. --- Vulture Peak. --- Wilderness medicine (practice). --- Yaksha. --- Yogi.