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As the scaling of electronic semiconductor devices displays signs of saturation, the main focus of research in microelectronics is shifting towards finding new computing paradigms. Electron spin offers additional functionality to digital charge-based devices. Several fundamental problems, including spin injection to a semiconductor, spin propagation and relaxation, and spin manipulation by the gate voltage, have been successfully resolved to open a path towards spin-based reprogrammable electron switches. Devices employing electron spin are nonvolatile; they are able to preserve the stored information without external power. Emerging nonvolatile devices are electrically addressable, possess a simple structure, and offer endurance and speed superior to flash memory. Having nonvolatile memory very close to CMOS offers a prospect of data processing in the nonvolatile segment, where the same devices are used to store and process the information. This opens perspectives for conceptually new low-power computing paradigms within Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT). This Special Issue focuses on all topics related to spintronic devices such as spin-based switches, magnetoresistive memories, energy harvesting devices, and sensors that can be employed in in-memory computing concepts and in Artificial Intelligence.

magnetic contacts --- reliability --- practical tests --- reaction distance --- extreme conditions --- spin-orbit torque MRAM --- reinforcement learning --- two-pulse switching scheme --- magnetic field-free switching --- machine learning --- torque --- the calculation in memory --- automation --- magnetic recording --- magnetic read heads --- current perpendicular-to-the-plane giant magnetoresistance --- Heusler alloys --- bit-patterned media --- exchange-coupled-composite media --- microwave-assisted magnetic recording --- hysteresis loop --- combined spin-transfer torque (STT) and spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching --- field like torque --- damping like torque --- magnetic tunnel junction --- n/a

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The characterization of the physical and chemical properties of transition metals and their compounds under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature has always attracted the interest of a wide scientific community. Their properties have numerous implications in fields ranging from solid-state physics, chemistry, and materials science to Earth and planetary science. The present Special Issue represents a good example of such a broad interest and shows some of the latest advancements in the investigation of transition metals under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature.

Technology: general issues --- vanadate --- kagome compound --- high pressure --- X-ray diffraction --- equation of state --- iodate --- infrared spectroscopy --- phase transitions --- grain refinement --- mechanical properties --- commercial purity aluminum --- zirconium --- Nb3Sn --- local atomic structure --- XAFS --- melting curves --- laser-heated diamond anvil cell --- extreme conditions --- synchrotron radiation --- transition metals --- iridium --- laser heating --- density-functional theory --- melting --- radial-distribution function --- quantum molecular dynamics --- melting curve --- solid-solid phase transition boundary --- multi-phase materials --- phase relation --- Earth's core --- iron alloys --- high-pressure --- high-temperature --- thermodynamics --- eutectic spacing --- Al-Si alloy --- superheat --- electrical resistivity --- iron sulfides --- high temperature --- Ganymede --- thermal convection --- creep testing --- ME21 --- magnesium alloy --- size effects --- miniature specimen --- PbTe --- substitutional disorder --- thermal expansion --- bulk modulus --- atomic displacement --- low temperature --- compression --- Debye temperature --- vanadate --- kagome compound --- high pressure --- X-ray diffraction --- equation of state --- iodate --- infrared spectroscopy --- phase transitions --- grain refinement --- mechanical properties --- commercial purity aluminum --- zirconium --- Nb3Sn --- local atomic structure --- XAFS --- melting curves --- laser-heated diamond anvil cell --- extreme conditions --- synchrotron radiation --- transition metals --- iridium --- laser heating --- density-functional theory --- melting --- radial-distribution function --- quantum molecular dynamics --- melting curve --- solid-solid phase transition boundary --- multi-phase materials --- phase relation --- Earth's core --- iron alloys --- high-pressure --- high-temperature --- thermodynamics --- eutectic spacing --- Al-Si alloy --- superheat --- electrical resistivity --- iron sulfides --- high temperature --- Ganymede --- thermal convection --- creep testing --- ME21 --- magnesium alloy --- size effects --- miniature specimen --- PbTe --- substitutional disorder --- thermal expansion --- bulk modulus --- atomic displacement --- low temperature --- compression --- Debye temperature

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The characterization of the physical and chemical properties of transition metals and their compounds under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature has always attracted the interest of a wide scientific community. Their properties have numerous implications in fields ranging from solid-state physics, chemistry, and materials science to Earth and planetary science. The present Special Issue represents a good example of such a broad interest and shows some of the latest advancements in the investigation of transition metals under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature.

Technology: general issues --- vanadate --- kagome compound --- high pressure --- X-ray diffraction --- equation of state --- iodate --- infrared spectroscopy --- phase transitions --- grain refinement --- mechanical properties --- commercial purity aluminum --- zirconium --- Nb3Sn --- local atomic structure --- XAFS --- melting curves --- laser-heated diamond anvil cell --- extreme conditions --- synchrotron radiation --- transition metals --- iridium --- laser heating --- density-functional theory --- melting --- radial-distribution function --- quantum molecular dynamics --- melting curve --- solid–solid phase transition boundary --- multi-phase materials --- phase relation --- Earth’s core --- iron alloys --- high-pressure --- high-temperature --- thermodynamics --- eutectic spacing --- Al-Si alloy --- superheat --- electrical resistivity --- iron sulfides --- high temperature --- Ganymede --- thermal convection --- creep testing --- ME21 --- magnesium alloy --- size effects --- miniature specimen --- PbTe --- substitutional disorder --- thermal expansion --- bulk modulus --- atomic displacement --- low temperature --- compression --- Debye temperature --- n/a --- solid-solid phase transition boundary --- Earth's core

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue of Crystals entitled Pressure-Induced Phase Transformations. It includes selected articles on the behavior of matter under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, describing and discussing contemporary achievements, which were selected based on their relevance and scientific quality.

vanadate --- zircon --- high pressure --- band gap --- phase transition --- optical absorption --- benzene phase I --- homogeneous melting --- Ostwald’s step rule --- molecular dynamics simulation --- metastable phase --- melting transition --- Fe --- electrical resistivity --- thermal conductivity --- heat flow --- thermal and chemical convection --- sesquioxides --- phase transitions --- Laue diffraction --- mechanisms of phase transitions --- reactivity --- tungsten --- rhenium --- carbon dioxide --- carbonates --- high-pressure high-temperature experiments --- quantum spin liquids --- frustrated magnets --- quantum phase transitions --- high-pressure measurements --- phase diagram --- quantum molecular dynamics --- melting curve --- Z methodology --- multi-phase materials --- epsomite --- dehydration reaction --- Raman spectra --- electrical conductivity --- high-pressure phase transitions --- molecular crystals --- computational methods --- DFT and Force Field methods --- energy calculations --- intermolecular interactions --- Landau theory --- nonlinear elasticity theory --- perovskites --- fullerenes --- polymerization --- pressure-induced --- Raman --- infrared laser --- laser-heated diamond anvil cell --- synchrotron radiation --- extreme conditions --- n/a

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The progress of society has led to an improvement of the quality of life of a significant number of people. On the other hand, anthropogenic pollution dramatically increased, with serious consequences for the environment and human health. Controlling and remedying environmental pollution is one of the main challenges of our century. Fundamental and applicative research are called to collaborate, involving scientists in the development of realistic and effective systems for the prevention and the removal of pollutants from the environment. Spreading knowledge is among the missions of researchers and this is the aim of this book, offering an updated view on innovative materials and methods for pollutant treatment. It is composed of 18 articles, among them 5 reviews and 13 original articles, dedicated to new adsorbent materials (inorganic, organic, and hybrid materials) for the capture of pollutant species and for their catalytic conversion into non-toxic substances, and to bioremediation approaches to treat contaminated media. Water, air, and soil pollution was investigated, both at the lab and large scale, with special relevance for wastewater treatments for the removal of heavy metals and organic pollutants. We are grateful to “Molecules” for the opportunity to edit the Special Issue on “Innovative Materials and Methods for the Removal of Pollutants from the Environment”. We created, for this book, an original cover image, dedicated to the efforts of chemistry to defend the beauty of environment, represented by flowers, against every prejudice that considers chemistry an enemy of life.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- Pollution control --- green-removal --- tangerine peels activated carbon --- agriculture waste --- acetamiprid pesticide --- enzymatic hydrolysis lignin --- sequential dissolution fractionation --- methylene blue adsorption capacity --- CuFe2O4 nano-particles --- CuFe2O4/PANI composite --- mercury (II) removal --- adsorption --- biochar --- pyrolysis --- heavy metals --- soil remediation --- bioavailability --- biomass waste --- N doped carbon dots --- Cd (II) --- mechanism --- water remedy --- green adsorbents --- pineapple leaves --- rose bengal (RB) dye --- face-centered central composite design (FCCCD), percentage removal (%R) --- adsorption capacity (qe) --- phosphorus removal --- toxic metals --- alginate beads --- sewage sludge --- BC --- sequential extraction --- copper --- carbon-silicon interaction --- bioremediation --- toxic pollutants --- extreme conditions --- extremophilic microorganism --- non-thermal plasma (NTP) --- exhaust emission --- internal combustion engine --- ion chemical reaction --- insensitive munitions --- 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) --- industrial wastewater --- vetiver grass --- phytoremediation --- phytoextraction --- ammonia --- ammonium recovery --- Freundlich --- intraparticle diffusion --- isoelectric state --- Langmuir --- pseudo-second-order --- Temkin --- zeolite --- high-strength wastewater --- sludge liquor --- chitosan --- adsorbent --- carbon --- graphene oxide --- silica --- magnetic separation --- dyes --- Langmuir isotherm --- breakthrough curve --- defluoridation --- up-flow mode --- volcanic rocks --- toluene --- rhodamine B --- water stability of monolith --- nanosorbent --- regeneration --- α-NiMoO4 --- methylene blue --- removal --- zirconium phosphate --- wastewater pollutants --- ion exchange --- heterogeneous photocatalysis --- nanomaterials --- rare earth metals --- wastewater treatment --- pollutants --- green-removal --- tangerine peels activated carbon --- agriculture waste --- acetamiprid pesticide --- enzymatic hydrolysis lignin --- sequential dissolution fractionation --- methylene blue adsorption capacity --- CuFe2O4 nano-particles --- CuFe2O4/PANI composite --- mercury (II) removal --- adsorption --- biochar --- pyrolysis --- heavy metals --- soil remediation --- bioavailability --- biomass waste --- N doped carbon dots --- Cd (II) --- mechanism --- water remedy --- green adsorbents --- pineapple leaves --- rose bengal (RB) dye --- face-centered central composite design (FCCCD), percentage removal (%R) --- adsorption capacity (qe) --- phosphorus removal --- toxic metals --- alginate beads --- sewage sludge --- BC --- sequential extraction --- copper --- carbon-silicon interaction --- bioremediation --- toxic pollutants --- extreme conditions --- extremophilic microorganism --- non-thermal plasma (NTP) --- exhaust emission --- internal combustion engine --- ion chemical reaction --- insensitive munitions --- 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) --- industrial wastewater --- vetiver grass --- phytoremediation --- phytoextraction --- ammonia --- ammonium recovery --- Freundlich --- intraparticle diffusion --- isoelectric state --- Langmuir --- pseudo-second-order --- Temkin --- zeolite --- high-strength wastewater --- sludge liquor --- chitosan --- adsorbent --- carbon --- graphene oxide --- silica --- magnetic separation --- dyes --- Langmuir isotherm --- breakthrough curve --- defluoridation --- up-flow mode --- volcanic rocks --- toluene --- rhodamine B --- water stability of monolith --- nanosorbent --- regeneration --- α-NiMoO4 --- methylene blue --- removal --- zirconium phosphate --- wastewater pollutants --- ion exchange --- heterogeneous photocatalysis --- nanomaterials --- rare earth metals --- wastewater treatment --- pollutants